Software System Simulation

2 Software System Simulation Applying static voltages to multiple electrodes 

5 Spatially-Varying Electric Field Design by Planer Electrodes 

The deformation of the gel we used is caused by surface shrinking which is proportional to the amount of molecules adsorbed on the surface. Roughly speaking, the whole transformation is proportional to the amount of voltage applied over time. When we stop applying voltage to the electrodes, the gel stops changing shape. 

Solving for the static and quasi-static electric cimrent 

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Simulation is the dynamic observation of an abstract model of a system through time with particular attention to the system s key attributes. The term is used extensively in manufacturing to refer to different types of such observations ranging from visual simulation of factories or individual machine tools to stochastic simulation of entire supply chains. Today, most simulation activities are carried out by computer software systems. Simulation systems are often categories into discrete-event simulation system and continuous time simulation systems based on the approach they take with regards to advancing the time of the simulation forward. 

The GHH Borsig Turbolog DSP control system used for controlling the machine train is designed to enable dynamic system simulation using the control system hardware and software. Tliis offers two major benefits ... 

USEPA (1999) Documentation for the FRAMES-HWIR technology software system, vol. 6 multimedia multipathway simulation processor. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (October)... 

The optimization of value-added processes is a subject that scientists all over the world have been dealing with for more than 70 years. The first basic algorithms for so-called Linear Programming (LP) were developed at American and European universities already in the 1930s, for the first time allowing the planning and simulation of simple business processes. LP soon became the base of the first software systems and even today almost all Supply Chain Management (SCM) or... 

Within the past few years the advances made in hydrocarbon thermodynamics combined wtih increased sophistication in computer software and hardware have made it quite simple for engineers to predict phase equilibria or simulate complex fractionation towers to a high degree of accuracy through software systems such as SSI s PROCESS, Monsanto s FLOWTRAN, and Chemshare s DISTILL among others. This has not beem the case for electrolyte systems. 

Operational Testing. The computer system should be operationally tested by the operators/users. Operational testing is the exercise of the verified applications software in the certified hardware/operations software system using test or simulated data. This can be accomplished in conjunction with the documentation of the operational qualification of the hardware/operating software and/or during the validation testing. 

Figure 4.82 Modular micro reaction system of the Fraunhofer Alliance and software process simulation toolkit [124] (by courtesy of FhG-Allianz FAMOS).

We again consider the distillation unit introduced in Example 1, updated with temperature information for each of the streams, including some that were previously considered to be internal to the system box. The temperatures have been estimated using a physical property estimation system. There are a number of such computer-based tools and most simulation software systems will include property estimation methods. Figure 3 shows these temperatures as well as the results obtained in the mass balance step above. As more streams are included in this diagram, we have new unknowns related to flow rates. Specifically, we now have the vapour stream, V, from the top of the column to the condenser and the liquid reflux stream, L, from the condenser back into the column. The relationship between the liquid reflux stream back into the column and the actual distillate product stream (D) is given by the reflux ratio ... 

The software system, to meet the needs of the 1980 s, has wide flexibility and capabilities. For processes such as coal gasification or coal liquefaction, it can be used to perform steady state material and energy balances, calculate sizes of equipment, and carry out economic evaluations. Its flexibility can allow for the handling of coal or other solids in streams and equipment, and its capabilities allow for the simulation of many different types of process equipment and the calculations of physical properties under widely different conditions. Included in this is the ability to analyze conventional chemical and petroleum processes. Another valuable feature 1s a good preliminary cost estimation capability that permits the comparison of alternative processes on an economically consistent basis at an early stage of development. 

Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Systems Analysis Software Biomedical Simulations Resource Los Angeles, 95. 

A reviewer has kindly provided references to other programs for solving differential equations by numerical methods (13-21). These will be useful to individuals that do not have IBM equipment but would like to do calculations of the sort outlined above. The general topic has been discussed (13). Sebastian, et al. (14) discuss DPS (Dynamic Process Simulator) and provide references to descriptions of MIMIC (15), ACSL (16), ISIS (17), BEDSOCS (18), DSL/77 (19), DARE (20) and PMSP (21). References to other programs can be found in papers that accompany reference 2 and in other Proceedings of Conferences on Applications of Continuous System Simulation. Because of the simplicity and power of system simulation programs such as are discussed herein, one could expect that every major computer producer would have available software with the capability of CSMP. 

Conformational analysis is becoming a widely utilized tool in drug design, molecular modeling, and the determination of structure-activity relationships. Of the many techniques presently available for conformational studies, classical, empirical potential energy functions hold great promise in providing relatively inexpensive explorations of conformational hyperspace in various simulated solvent environments. An excellent example of the application of these classical techniques is embodied in the CAMSEQ Software System (1,2.,3.). 

As with any modeling approach, PBPK modeling has limitations, and each model has an appropriate range of applications. Extrapolation of model simulations beyond a designed range can yield serious errors in the predictions, and users of a model must be wary. Limitations in a model arise from diverse causes, such as the assumptions used in the model, insufficient understanding of the biological system simulated, the quality of data used for model parameterization, the hardware, software, numerical methods used, and other sources. It is beyond the scope of this section to cover each of these reasons in detail, and only a brief overview will be described here. 

Kooijman, H. A. and Taylor, R., ChemSep—Another Software System for the Simulation of Separation Processes, CACHE News, 35, 1-9 (1992). 

D. Z. D Argenio and A. Schumitzky, ADAPT II User s Guide Pharmacokinetic/Phar-macodynamic Systems Analysis Software. Biomedical Simulations Resource (BMSR), Los Angeles, 1997. 

The reconstruction of the burial and thermal history of the Namorado Sandstone was performed using the BaSS software (Basin Simulation System) developed by Chang et a/. (1991). The calibration of the thermal history was carried out by measured vitrinite data and smectite/illite conversion rate. The amount of illite in the interlayered I/S clays was determined via XRD analysis. The organic matter residue of the associated shales close to the reservoir intervals was petrographically analysed to obtain the vitrinite index. Depth in the diagrams and tables is referred to datum level (driller-measured depth). 

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