Sodium pyrophosphate extractant

Humic acids are alkaH-extractable materials and total humic acid content is a term that refers to the humic acid content of coal that has had its carboxylate cations removed with sodium pyrophosphate. Values for some typical AustraHan brown coals range from 24—92% (13). Treatment of lignitic coals with mineral acid to release the alkaH and alkaline cations may dissolve up to 20% of the coal. The naturally moist coals are slightly acidic and have a pH of 3.5—6.5. 

Pontanen and Morris [8] compared the structure of humic acids from marine sediments and degraded diatoms by infrared and C13 and proton NMR spectroscopy. Samples of marine sediments taken from the Peru continental shelf were extracted with water, sodium hydroxide (0.05mol 1 J) and sodium pyrophosphate (0.05mol l-1) under an atmosphere of nitrogen and fractionated by ultrafiltration. Humic acids of molecular weight 300000 and above were examined. Diatoms were collected from... 

Randle and Hartman [12] used thermal neutron activation in analysis to investigate total bromine in humic compounds in soil. Bromine was extracted from the soil water with sodium hydroxide or sodium pyrophosphate, then the extract dried prior to analysis. 

The subsamples were split and sent to different laboratories to be subjected to ten commonly-used and proprietary leach/digestion techniques (a) aqua regia partial digestion method at Acme Analytical Laboratories (b) sodium pyrophosphate and cold hydroxylamine leaches at ALS Chemex (c) enzyme and TerraSol leach methods at Skyline Labs (d) Bioleach and soil gas hydrocarbon analyses at Activation Laboratories (e) Mobile metal ion (MMI) extraction at SGS Minerals (f) 4-acid near-total and sodium peroxide sinter total digestions (under the uses contract) at SGS Minerals and (g) de-ionized water leach at the USGS laboratories. 

The monazite sand is heated with sulfuric acid at about 120 to 170°C. An exothermic reaction ensues raising the temperature to above 200°C. Samarium and other rare earths are converted to their water-soluble sulfates. The residue is extracted with water and the solution is treated with sodium pyrophosphate to precipitate thorium. After removing thorium, the solution is treated with sodium sulfate to precipitate rare earths as their double sulfates, that is, rare earth sulfates-sodium sulfate. The double sulfates are heated with sodium hydroxide to convert them into rare earth hydroxides. The hydroxides are treated with hydrochloric or nitric acid to solubihze all rare earths except cerium. The insoluble cerium(IV) hydroxide is filtered. Lanthanum and other rare earths are then separated by fractional crystallization after converting them to double salts with ammonium or magnesium nitrate. The samarium—europium fraction is converted to acetates and reduced with sodium amalgam to low valence states. The reduced metals are extracted with dilute acid. As mentioned above, this fractional crystallization process is very tedious, time-consuming, and currently rare earths are separated by relatively easier methods based on ion exchange and solvent extraction. 

Hayes et al. (2008) described the uses of 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate (Pyro) solutions for exhaustive extractions of soil organic matter at pH 7, pH 10.6, and at pH 12.6 (Pyro + 0.1 M NaOH). They showed that the fractions were compositionally different, with the most transformed (oxidized) fractions isolated at the lower pH value. However, only about 26% of the organic matter was isolated in the sequential process. 

Polysaccharides were extracted from various British soils with buffers, in yields of O.Or) to 0.15% of the soils. No further details of the isolation procedure were given. More recently, soils were extracted with a phosphate buffer of pH 7, and the polysaccharides were recovered from the dialyzed and concentrated extract by precipitation with ethanol." This procedure extracted less non-dialyzable, non-carbohydrate material than those employing dilute alkali or sodium pyrophosphate. Yields were about the same as with hot-water extraction, but the polysaccharides isolated by means of phosphate buffer had a higher viscosity. 

Aqueous samples are treated similarly beginning with the acidification step. The entire sample is then put through the hydrophobic resin, and the fulvic acids are eluted at pH 7. The humic acids are removed with 0.1 M NaOH (2). After extraction, purification of the samples can be accomplished by freeze-drying and dialysis. The use of strong acids and bases has been criticized for several reasons. They can promote degradation, decarboxylation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Strong acids and bases can also dissolve siliceous materials and lyse cells, resulting in contamination of the sample. Other extractants have been proposed, such as sodium pyrophosphate or sodium fluoride however, the classical procedure offers the most complete dissolution of humic material from solid samples and is still most often used (72). 

Attempts at characterizing peat humus through spectroscopy and chemical degradation procedures (Walmsley, 1973 Stevenson, 1974 Fuchsman, 1980) also have shown that peat humic substances are similar to those from mineral soils. For example Levesque et al. (1980b) found that humic substances extracted by sodium pyrophosphate from 10 different peat materials that varied in botanical origin and extent of humification yielded aliphatic and phenolic compounds and benzenecarboxylic acids (Table 14) in amounts... 

The presence of large proportions of nonhumified material of diverse origins and properties hampers the dissolution, fractionation, and estimation of humic substances in peatlands. No satisfactory methods exist for these purposes. Most studies of peat humus therefore focus on pyrophosphate extracts or humic acids obtained by sodium hydroxide extraction. 

Tables 8 and 9 present data for extraction of humic substances from a sapric histosol and from two tropical soils using various combinations of DMSO, acid, and water. For comparison, some data are presented for solution in sodium hydroxide and neutral sodium pyrophosphate solutions. Use is made of EJEf, ratios to indicate differences in the solution conformations and/or compositions of the humic substances in the different solvent systems.

From the sulfuric acid solution, thorium may also be obtained by precipitation with sodium fluosilicate, sodium hypo-phosphate,1 or sodium pyrophosphate.2 An ingenious method for removing the phosphorus has been proposed by Basker-ville3 and used on a large scale. It consists in heating in an electric furnace a mixture of monazite, coke, lime, and feldspar. The phosphorus is distilled out and the mass allowed to cool. When extracted with water, acetylene is evolved from the calcium carbide formed during the heating, and the remainder crumbles to a fine powder. This is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the cerium earths removed. 

The 50% inhibition concentration of erbstatin against tyrosine kinase was 0.55 p,g/ml, when it was examined as follows The reaction mixture contained 1 mM MnCl2, 100 ng EGF, 40 lg protein of A431 membrane fraction, 75 lg of albumin, 3 lg of histone, and HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N -2-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) in a final volume of 50 (11. The reaction tubes were placed on ice and incubated for 10 minutes in the presence or absence of erbstatin. The reaction was initiated by the addition of labeled ATP (10 (11), and the incubation was continued for 30 minutes at 0°C. Then aliquots of 50 (11 were pipetted onto Whatman 3MM filter paper and put immediately into a beaker of cold 10% TCA containing 0.01 M sodium pyrophosphate. The filter papers were washed extensively with TCA solution containing 0.01 M sodium pyrophosphate at room temperature, extracted with ethanol and ether, and then dried. Radioactivity was measured by a scintillation counter. 

Phosphatidylinositol turnover was assayed by incorporation of labeled inositol into phospholipids. A431 cells were preincubated in HEPES-buffered saline containing [ H]inositol at 37°C for 30 min. Then, test chemical and EGF were added, and the incubation was continued for 60 min. Subsequently, 10% trichloroacetic acid containing 0.01 M sodium pyrophosphate was added, and the acid-insoluble fraction was scraped off from the dish in H2O. The lipid was extracted from it by the addition of CHCI3 and CH3OH (1 1), and [3r]inositol-labeled lipids were counted by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. 

Figure 5. Isotherms of 1,3-dichlorobenzene in whole Pahokee peat soil (ATp = 340, N =0.8501) and its derivatives, humin (K = 464, N =0.7662) and humic acid ( p = 161, AT =0.936). Equilibration period, 48 h. The soil was extracted with sodium pyrophosphate. Adapted from data in ref. 11.

Sonic vesicles from platensis were prepared as described (Owers-Narhi et al. 1979). After washing the membranes with 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, the Ca-ATPase was extracted either with 2 mM Tricine/1 mM EDTA or with chloroform. The latter was accomplished using the procedure of Piccioni et al. 1981, except that solubilization was done at 4 C. Other procedures essentially followed established methods DEAE sepharose chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and ATPase assay (Jagendorf 1982), ATP synthesis (Avron 1960), and gel electrophoresis (Laemmli 1970). One unit of ATPase activity is defined as 1 pmole Pi formed per minute. 

Lysis buffer For 1 mL of mammalian protein extraction lysis buffer, mix 50 pL of 20x protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche), 50 pL of 1 M sodium fluoride, 100 pL of 100 mM P-glycerophosphate, 100 pL of 50 mM sodium pyrophosphate, and 10 pL of 200 mM sodium orthovanadate with 690 pL of M-PER reagent (M-PER, Thermo Scientific) see Note 2). Once the lysis buffer is made, keep it on ice. Make fresh lysis buffer for every DARTS experiment. 

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