Sodium penicillin

To a solution of 60 g of sodium penicillin G in BOO cc of distilied water cooied to 0°C to 4°C in an ice-bath, a solution of 35 g of N,N -dibenzylethylenediamine diacetate in 200 cc of distilied water is added dropwise with stirring. The thick slurry is filtered with suction, washed twice with 100 cc of cold water, dried by suction and spread out in a thin layer for completion of drying. The product weighed BO g. 

Epicillln Floxaclllin Methicillin sodium Nafcillin sodium Oxacillin sodium Penicillin V... 

Warfarin sodium Benzal acetophenone Alkofanone Benzaldehyde Butalamlne HCI Chloramphenicol Fenipentol Isocarboxazid Oxacillin sodium Penicillin G benzathine Phenylpropanolamine HCI Tripelennamine Benzaldehyde cyanohydrin Ethotoin... 

A typical penicillin broth contains 20-35 mg/1 of antibiotic. Filtration is used to remove mycelial biomass from fermentation broth. The filtration may be subjected to filter aided polymers. Neutralisation of penicillin at pH 2-3 is required. Amyl acetate or butyl acetate is used as an organic solvent to remove most of the product from the fermentation broth. Finally, penicillin is removed as sodium penicillin and precipitated by a butanol-water mixture. 

The activity of penicillin G was originally defined in units. Crystalline sodium penicillin G contains approximately 1600 units per mg (1 unit = 0.6 meg 1 million units of penicillin = 0.6 g). Semisynthetic penicillins are prescribed by weight rather than units. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of any penicillin (or other antimicrobial) is usually given in mcg/mL. Most penicillins are dispensed as the sodium or potassium salt of the free acid. Potassium penicillin G contains about 1.7 mEq of K+ per million units of penicillin (2.8 mEq/g). Nafcillin contains Na +, 2.8 mEq/g. Procaine salts and benzathine salts of penicillin G provide repository forms for intramuscular injection. In dry crystalline form, penicillin salts are stable for years at 4°C. Solutions lose their activity rapidly (eg, 24 hours at 20°C) and must be prepared fresh for administration. 

Ullmann, E., Thoma, K., and Zelfel, G. (1963), The stability of sodium penicillin G in the presence of ionic surfactants, organic gel formers, and preservatives, Pharm. Acta. Helv., 38,577-586. 

SYNS AMERICAN PENICILLIN BENZYL-PENICILLIN SODIUM CRYSTAPEN MYCOFARM NOVOCILLIN PEN-A-BRASIVE PENICILLIN-G, MONOSODIUM SALT PENICILLIN G, SODIUM PENICILLIN G, SODIUM SALT PENILARYN PENZYLPENICILLIN SODIUM SALT SODIUM BENZYLPENICILLIN SODIUM BENZYLPENICILLIN G SODIUM BENZYLPENICILLINATE SODIUM PENICILLIN SODIUM PENICILLIN G SODIUM PENICILLIN II VETICILLIN... 

Potassium penicUhn G can significantly alter potassium balance when given in very high doses 20 mUhon units of potassium penicUhn G contains about 30 mmol of potassium, and in patients with renal insufficiency this amount can decisively aggravate potentially lethal hyperkalemia. Similarly, large doses of sodium penicillin G, carbenicil-lin, or ticarcUhn can cause hypernatremia (29,30). 

High doses of sodium penicillin can cause urinary potassium loss, presumably by acting as a non-absorbable anion in the distal tubule (30). Apparently by analogous mechanisms a variety of semisjmthetic peniciUins, including carbenicUhn, cloxacUhn, mezlocillin, nafcUhn,... 

Polyoxyethylene stearates are unstable in hot alkaline solutions owing to hydrolysis, and will also saponify with strong acids or bases. Discoloration or precipitation can occur with salicylates, phenolic substances, iodine salts, and salts of bismuth, silver, and tannins.Complex formation with preservatives may also occur. The antimicrobial activity of some materials such as bacitracin, chloramphenicol, phenoxymethylpenicillin, sodium penicillin, and tetracycline may be reduced in the presence of polyoxyethylene stearate concentrations greater than 5% w/w. ... 

Potassium penicillin, sodium penicillin 0.2-0.3 1 Acid 52-54 RE Streptococcal infections anaerobic infections 20000 lU/kg, q.i.d. 

DSC can be used to fingerprint sodium penicillins although Tomassetti et al. (269) state lhat it was impossible to identify melting processes. Nine sodium penicillins were examined by DSC, as shown in Figure 7.42. The DSC curves contained mostly exothermic peaks, as expected, whose origin was not discussed due to the reaction complexity. 

Figure 7.42- DSC curves of sodium penicillins. Heating rate of 10°C min in oxygen, a, benzylpenicillin, b, ampicillin c, amoxycillin d, epicillin e, carbenicillin j, methicillin. y, oxacillin h, cloxacillin i, dicloxacillin (270).

The application of chemometric procedures coupled with derivative spectroscopy permits achievement of higher selectivity in determination of P-lactam antibiotics. Currently, chemometric procedures based on the estimated ratio of spectra derivative for the selective determination of P-lactam analogs are the most common. It was proved that the application of the ratio of different-order spectra derivatives permitted the separation of binary and tertiary mixtures of P-lactam antibiotics [22]. During the determination of concentrations of three components (e.g., penicillin-G sodium, penicillin-G procain and dihydrostreptomycin sulphate salts) in a mixture the equation describing the ratio spectra derivative spetrophotometry is as follows ... 

Titres of penicillin as high as 30g sodium penicillin Gl are not infrequently reported but the economics of the fermentation may be less dependent on the final titre than on the time taken to achieve it or on the cost of the materials fed to the organism. Short fermentations allow a more intensive use of the fermenter and should increase the rate of production of penicillin, while the ability to adapt the organism to a variety of substrates allows the most economical feedstock to be used. Moreover it is important that the final condition of the fermentation broth should be suitable for the extraction of the penicillin. This involves filtration under standard conditions followed by solvent extraction at an acid pH. The penicillin is extracted back into water buffered to a near neutral pH, and then re-extracted into the solvent. After treating the solvent with charcoal the penicillin is precipitated... 

A dose reduction factor of 3,8 in mice was achieved by combining a variety of drugs and factors.These included MEA (200 mg/kg, 15 min. pre-irradiation), hypoxia (nitrogen atmosphere during irradiation), syngeneic bone marrow (22 hrs. post-irradiation), sodium penicillin G (50,000 I. U., 30 days) and streptomycin (50 mg/kg, 30 days). 

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