Azide, sodium toxicity

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Buffer 0. M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.1% BSA, 0 4A/NaCl, 0.001MEDTA, and 0 01% sodium azide (toxic). 

Sodium azide (toxic, Chapter 6, Secdon 2.3., Step 18). 

Buffer B 50 mMsodium phosphate buffer, 0.02% NaNg (sodium azide TOXIC ), pH 7.0. 

The best azide to use these days is sodium azide (NaNs). It is inexpensive and unwatched. All azides have the potential to explode upon degradation and are toxic to breathe. The methods... 

Sodium azide (Eastman, 97-99%) is activated by dissolving 100 g of the salt in 400 ml of distilled water and stirring with 14 ml of hydrazine hydrate for 15 min. The solution is filtered and added dropwise to 4 liters of rapidly stirred, dry acetone. The solid is collected by filtration and washed with 150 ml of dry acetone. The fine powder (57-85 g) is dried under vacuum at 50° for 2 hr. Sodium azide is extremely toxic and the fine powder should be handled with care to avoid breathing the dust. 

The Schmidt reaction of ketones works best with aliphatic and alicyclic ketones alkyl aryl ketones and diaryl ketones are considerably less reactive. The reaction is only seldom applied to aldehydes as starting materials. The hydrazoic acid used as reagent is usually prepared in situ by treatment of sodium azide with sulfuric acid. Hydrazoic acid is highly toxic, and can detonate upon contact with hot laboratory equipment. 

Caution The reaction should be carried out in a good hood because hydrazoic acid is very toxic. Care should also be taken in handling sodium azide. 

CAUTION All azides, particularly low molecular weight acyl and alkyl azides, are explosive, and great care should be taken while preparing and handling these materials. In addition, hydrazoic acid, which is liberated from unbuffered aqueous solutions of sodium azide, is highly toxic and all operations involving its use should be carried out in an efficient fume hood. 

Other applications dealt with the development of a luciferin ester substrate to measure the luciferase activity in living cells [141], the detection of toxic compounds such as sodium azide, fluoroacetic acid, and antibiotics [142], the development of a biosensor for the determination of bioavailable mercury [143], the use of eukaryotic luciferases as bacterial markers with different colors of luminescence [144], the determination of complement-mediated killing of bacteria [145], and the development of a bioassay for the determination of HIV type 1 virus and HIV-1 Tat protein activity, valuable also for analysis of HlV-inhibi-tory agents [146],... 

Indicine IV-oxide (169) (Scheme 36) is a clinically important pyrrolizidine alkaloid being used in the treatment of neoplasms. The compound is an attractive drug candidate because it does not have the acute toxicity observed in other pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Indicine IV-oxide apparently demonstrates increased biological activity and toxicity after reduction to the tertiary amine. Duffel and Gillespie (90) demonstrated that horseradish peroxidase catalyzes the reduction of indicine IV-oxide to indicine in an anaerobic reaction requiring a reduced pyridine nucleotide (either NADH or NADPH) and a flavin coenzyme (FMN or FAD). Rat liver microsomes and the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction also catalyze the reduction of the IV-oxide, and cofactor requirements and inhibition characteristics with these enzyme systems are similar to those exhibited by horseradish peroxidase. Sodium azide inhibited the TV-oxide reduction reaction, while aminotriazole did not. With rat liver microsomes, IV-octylamine decreased... 

P25 Each of these [previous methods] involves one or more of the following drawbacks uses expensive and toxic metals, demonstrates severe water sensitivity, or produces hydrazoic acid, which is highly toxic and explosive as well as volatile. The few methods that seek to avoid hydrazoic acid liberation during the reaction, by avoiding acidic conditions, require a very large excess of sodium azide. In addition, ah of the known methods use organic solvents, in particular, dipolar aprotic solvents such as DMF. This is one of the solvent classes that process chemists would rather not use. (Adapted from Demko and Sharpless, 2001)... 

Sodium azide is a toxic as well as an explosive substance (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd e(j New York John Wdey Sons). Although inert to shock, violent decomposition can occur when heated at 275°C. Contact of solid or solution with lead and copper must be avoided. Reactions with halogens, carbon disulfide, or chromyl chloride can be explosive. Dissolution in water produces toxic vapors of hydrazoic acid. The salt is an acute poison causing headache, hypotension, hypothermia, and convulsion. 

Isocyanates are hazardous. Prolonged exposure to their vapors has been associated with chronic airway disorders. Phosgene is very hazardous and should be handled only in a well-ventilated fume hood. PI Triphosgene and sodium azide are toxic. 

After sonication, add about 1 mL of PBS to the nitrocellulose powder to dilute the mixture, and aliquot it in 500, 350, and 250-pL fractions and freeze these fractions at-80°C until use. Under these storage conditions, the aliquots may be used for immunization for up to one year or, may be longer. Never store the nitrocellulose without buffer. Never use sodium azide because of its toxicity. 

Propidium iodide and ethidium monoazide are suspected mutagens and should be handled accordingly. Sodium azide and fixatives are toxic, and should be handled with particular care. 

Immunomagnetic beads Dynabeads M-450 coated with sheep antimouse IgG, sheep or rat antimouse IgG subclass (Fc-specific), or preconjugated with MAbs specific for CD4 and CD8 (available from Dynal, Wirral, Merseyside, UK) A broad range of other preconjugated beads are now supplied by Dynal and are summarized m Note 2. They will remain stable for up to 1 yr when stored at 2-8°C Thiomersal (0 01% [w/v]), or sodium azide (0.02% [w/v]) is used as preservative. Hazard warning Both sodium azide and thiomersal are irritants to the skm and eyes, and are toxic if inhaled or ingested. Handle with care. 

PBS containing 0 1 % (w/v) sodium azide. Sodium azide is toxic by ingestion and inhalation, and should be handled with gloves m a fume hood... 

Lead Azide Less toxic than Sodium Azide due to its lower solubility. Source of toxicity is the azide ion which may cause lowered blood pressure, vertigo, nausea and collapse. Cumulative damage to kidneys and spleen, may bring on fatal convulsions Avoid ingestion, threshold tolerance value not known... 

The use of the toxic and hazardous hydrazoic acid is avoided by generating it in situ by adding sodium azide gradually to the carboxylic acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid and chloroform (eg.. 3,5-dinitroaniline, Expt 6.54). The reaction involves the hydrolysis of an intermediate isocyanate (RNCO), which is formed by a mechanistic pathway analogous to that involved in the Hofmann reaction. 

Sodium azide (Note sodium azide is toxic). 

Storage solution (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS], pH 7.2, with 0.02% sodium azide, each liter contains 8 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of KC1, 1.44 g of Na2HP04, and 0.24 g of KH2P04). (Caution sodium azide is very toxic read the label prior to use and handle with care.)... 

TBS containing 0.1% sodium azide (Sodium azide is toxic—consult MSDS data sheet). 

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