Classes solvent

In Example 1 the solute, acetone, contains a ketone carbonyl group which is a hydrogen acceptor, i.e., solute class 5 according to Table 15-4. This solute is to be extracted from water with chloroform solvent which contains a hydrogen donor group, i.e., solvent class 4. The solute class 5 and solvent class 4 interaction in Table 15-4 is shown to give a negative deviation from Raonlt s law. 

In dimerization and oligomerization reactions, ionic liquids have already proven to be a highly promising solvent class for the transfer of established catalytic systems into biphasic catalysis. 

For weakly and moderately associated electrolytes, 10< (A<104, no problem generally occurs in obtaining reliable values for KA and A0 from conductivity measurements. Strong association, however, as known for many salts in the solvent class 6, often entails unrealistic A ... 

Kolthoff and Bruckenstein59 were the first to have placed titrations in these solvents (class 6) on a sound theoretical basis they did so for glacial acetic acid (HOAc, = 6.13). We shall briefly describe the method and the main conclusions of the authors. 

The application of electroanalysis in non-aqueous media to a certain analytical problem requires a well considered selection of the solvent together with a suitable electroanalytical method, which can be carried out on the basis of the solvent classes mentioned in Table 4.3 and of the related theories. The steps to be taken include the preparation of the solvent and the apparatus for the electroanalytical method proper, together with other chemicals, especially when the method includes titration. Much detailed information on the purification of the solvents and on the preparation of titrants and primary standards can be found in the references cited in Section 4.1 and in various commercial brochures1,84,85 and books17,86-89 we shall therefore confine ourselves to some remarks on points of major importance. 

Another example of this solvent class can be studied in the case of the 20 DMSO... 

P25 Each of these [previous methods] involves one or more of the following drawbacks uses expensive and toxic metals, demonstrates severe water sensitivity, or produces hydrazoic acid, which is highly toxic and explosive as well as volatile. The few methods that seek to avoid hydrazoic acid liberation during the reaction, by avoiding acidic conditions, require a very large excess of sodium azide. In addition, ah of the known methods use organic solvents, in particular, dipolar aprotic solvents such as DMF. This is one of the solvent classes that process chemists would rather not use. (Adapted from Demko and Sharpless, 2001)... 

Formation constants of complexes between aromatic electron donors and di-n-propyltetrachlorophthalate in an inert solvent (class A(ii)) have been measured. The complex formation constant is obtained from the following equation ... 

Korenman et al. [45] studied the solvent-water partition coefficients Ksv/ of ethylamine, n-propylamine, and n-butylamine at 20°C. Based on the data for these amines with a short, linear alkyl chain, the contributions to the logarithm of the solvent-water partition coefficients were found to be constant among particular solvent classes. The contribution values are shown in Table 13.4.1. Accordingly, A log K0VI for CH2 is 0.50. 

TABLE 13.4.1 -CH2- Group Contribution to the Solvent-Water Partition Coefficient for Various Solvent Classes... 

Nonionic dyes of the disperse, vat, sulfur, and solvent classes, in contrast to ionic dyes have significant potential to partition to organic matter and, in some cases, undergo bioconcentration by aquatic organisms. 

This expression calculates the maximum admissible heat release rate compatible with evaporation cooling (Figure 9.19). Calculations performed for different common solvents show that the limiting velocity is characteristic for the different solvent classes. These calculations are shown in Table 9.6. The vapor velocities calculate the required vapor tube diameter for a given heat release rate as a function of the nature of the solvent, or inversely, the maximum admissible heat release rate for a given equipment... 

Solvent Class Dielectric Constant Brpnsted and/or Lewis Acid Brpnsted and/or Lewis Base Examples... 

Less preferred solvents (Class 2) are listed in Table 2. As stated in the ICH document, these solvents need to be limited because they are suspected to be nongenotoxic animal carcinogens or possible causative agents of some irreversible toxicity such as neurotoxicity or teratogenicity. They may also cause other significant, frequently... 

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