Sodium alanine

Jauch, P. Lauger, P. (1986). Electrogenic properties of the sodium-alanine cotransporter in pancreatic acinar cells. II. Comparison with transport models. J. Membr. Biol. 94,117-127. 

By application of the whole-cell mode of the patch clamp technique to freshly isolated cells of convoluted proximal tubules, the sodium-alanine cotransport system could be investigated in detail (Hoyer and Gogelein 1991). 

Hoyer J, Gogelein H (1991) Sodium-alanine cotransport in renal proximal tubule cells investigated by whole-cell current recording. J Gen Physiol 97 1073-1094 Merot J, Bidet M, Gachot B et al. (1988) Patch clamp study on primary culture of isolated proximal convoluted tubules. Pfliigers Arch. 413 51-61... 

Miscellaneous Reactions. Sodium bisulfite adds to acetaldehyde to form a white crystalline addition compound, insoluble in ethyl alcohol and ether. This bisulfite addition compound is frequendy used to isolate and purify acetaldehyde, which may be regenerated with dilute acid. Hydrocyanic acid adds to acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkaU catalyst to form cyanohydrin the cyanohydrin may also be prepared from sodium cyanide and the bisulfite addition compound. Acrylonittile [107-13-1] (qv) can be made from acetaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid by heating the cyanohydrin that is formed to 600—700°C (77). Alanine [302-72-7] can be prepared by the reaction of an ammonium salt and an alkaU metal cyanide with acetaldehyde this is a general method for the preparation of a-amino acids called the Strecker amino acids synthesis. Grignard reagents add readily to acetaldehyde, the final product being a secondary alcohol. Thioacetaldehyde [2765-04-0] is formed by reaction of acetaldehyde with hydrogen sulfide thioacetaldehyde polymerizes readily to the trimer. 

Surfa.cta.nts, Ai-Acylglutamates, sodium A/-lauroyl sarcosinate [137-16-6] and A/-acyl-alanine Na salt are used in the cosmetic field as nontoxic surfactants (237). Some of them (eg, A/-acylglutamic acid dibutylamide) are used as oil geUating agents to recover efduent oil in seas and rivers (238). 

R)-Pantothenic acid (1) contains two subunits, (R)-pantoic acid and P-alanine. The chemical abstract name is A/-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-l-oxobutyl)-P-alanine (11). Only (R)-pantothenic acid is biologically active. Pantothenic acid is unstable under alkaline or acidic conditions, but is stable under neutral conditions. Pantothenic acid is extremely hygroscopic, and there are stabiUty problems associated with the sodium salt of pantothenic acid. The major commercial source of this vitamin is thus the stable calcium salt (3) (calcium pantothenate). 

R)-Calcium pantothenate (3) is prepared by condensing (R)-pantolactone (9) with P-alanine (10) in the presence of base, followed by treatment of the sodium salt (11) with calcium hydroxide. 

R-(+)-Pantothenic acid sodium salt (7V-[2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl] P-alanine Na salt) [867-81-2] M 241.2, [aJ +27.1 (c 2, H2O), pK 4.4 (for free acid). Crystd from EtOH, very hygroscopic (kept in sealed ampoules). The free acid is a viscous hygroscopic oil with [a] +37.5 (c 5, H2O), easily destroyed by acids and bases. 

Biochemical characteristics (plasma levels of alanine and aspartate transminases, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, uric acid, allantoin, glucose, protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus urine levels of protein and glucose). 

Auxiliary-controlled Streeker syntheses have so far only been carried out with amines serving as the chiral components. In the first asymmetric Streeker synthesis a solution of sodium cyanide, ( — )-(S)-a-methylbeuzylamine and its hydrochloride in water was mixed with a methanolie solution of acetaldehyde and stirred for five days. Hydrolysis of the resulting amino nitrile and subsequent hydrogenolysis furnished L-alanine with 90% optical purity 38-39-85. 

To a solution of l. 47 g (0.03 mol) of sodium cyanide and 4.73 g (0.03 mol) of (-)-(.S)-x-methylbenzylamine hydrochloride in 5 mL of cold water is added 1 g (8.3 mmol) of free ( - )-(.S )-a-mcthylbcnzylaininc in 200 mL of CHjOH. 1.32 g (0.03 mol) of acetaldehyde is added at 0°C and the clear solution is kept at r.t. for five days. After evaporation of the solvent in vacuo, the residue is dissolved in 50 mL of 1 N HC1 and the solution is extracted twice with diethyl ether. After addition of 12 N HCl to adjust the acid concentration to approximately 5 N, the solution is retluxed for 6 h. The HCl is evaporated in vacuo and the residue is dried over sodium hydroxide. The crude. V-x-methylbenzylalaninc hydrochloride is dissolved in 200 mL of 50% ethanol and the pH is adjusted to 6.0 with NaHCOj. To this solution, 3.5 g of palladium hydroxide is added. After hydrogenolysis for 10 h, the catalyst is filtered off and washed with hot water. The filtrate is concentrated to 30%, and the pH is adjusted to 1 with dilute IIC1. The solution is evaporated to dryness and the alanine hydrochloride is extracted with three 20-inL portions of absolute ethanol. After cooling overnight at — 50°C, the precipitated salt is filtered. Pyridine is added to the alcoholic solution to precipitate crude alanine, which is dissolved in 2.5 mL of water. The pH is adjusted with pyridine to 5.5-6.0, and 10 mL of absolute ethanol arc added yield 0.45 g (17% over four steps) mp 290 C [a] 7 + 13.13 (0 = 2.32. 6 N IICi). 

C3H7NO2 107-95-9) see Balsalazide sodium Calcium pantothenate Pamidronic acid L-alanine benzyl ester... 

C7H4N2O2 619-24-9) see Tazanolast A -(4-nitrobenzoyl)-p-alanine (CJ0H10N2O3 59642-21-6) see Balsalazide sodium /7-nitrobenzoyl chloride... 

Treatment of N-benzoyl-L-alanine with oxalyl chloride, followed by methanolic triethylamine, yields methyl 4-methyl-2-phenyloxazole-5-carboxylate 32 <95CC2335>. a-Keto imidoyl chlorides, obtained from acyl chlorides and ethyl isocyanoacetate, cyclise to 5-ethoxyoxazoles by the action of triethylamine (e.g.. Scheme 8) <96SC1149>. The azetidinone 33 is converted into the oxazole 34 when heated with sodium azide and titanium chloride in acetonitrile <95JHC1409>. Another unusual reaction is the cyclisation of compound 35 to the oxazole 36 on sequential treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride and methanol <95JFC(75)221>. 

Fig. 9. The 3/Hn coupling constants versus temperature for different alanine residues in XAO peptide. The reversibility of 3/hn coupling constant versus temperature was checked by measurements with temperature increasing from 2° to 56°C (labeled as heating) or decreasing from 56° to 6°C (labeled as cooling). The errors are the same in heating and cooling measurements the error bars are shown only for heating measurements for clarity. The conditions were temperature from 2° to 56°C, concentration ca. 4 mM, in 30 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH = 4.6, 10% D20 ). From Shi et al. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. USA 99, 9190-9195, 2002 National Academy of Sciences, USA.

Sellinger, M., N. Ballatori, and J.L. Boyer. 1991. Mechanism of mercurial inhibition of sodium-coupled alanine uptake in liver plasma membrane vesicles from Raja erinacea. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 107 369-376. 

Current nutritional intake Complete blood cell count Serum electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Bicarbonate Magnesium Phosphorous Calcium Serum glucose Serum albumin Markers for organ function Liver function tests Alkaline phosphatase Aspartate aminotransferase Alanine aminotransferase Total bilirubin Prothrombin time or International normalized ratio Renal function tests Blood urea nitrogen Creatinine Fluid balance Input Oral... 

The reaction can be run in an open flask because only a small amount of gas escapes. See Note 3. Sodium cyanide can be substituted for potassium cyanide if 2 g. of jS-alanine is also employed as a catalyst. 

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