Sodium acetate cyanide

Synthetic chemical approaches to the preparation of carbon-14 labeled materials iavolve a number of basic building blocks prepared from barium [ CJ-carbonate (2). These are carbon [ C]-dioxide [ CJ-acetjlene [U— C]-ben2ene, where U = uniformly labeled [1- and 2- C]-sodium acetate, [ C]-methyl iodide, [ C]-methanol, sodium [ C]-cyanide, and [ CJ-urea. Many compHcated radiotracers are synthesized from these materials. Some examples are [l- C]-8,ll,14-eicosatrienoic acid [3435-80-1] inoxn. [ CJ-carbon dioxide, [ting-U— C]-phenyhsothiocyanate [77590-93-3] ftom [ " CJ-acetjlene, [7- " C]-norepinephrine [18155-53-8] from [l- " C]-acetic acid, [4- " C]-cholesterol [1976-77-8] from [ " CJ-methyl iodide, [l- " C]-glucose [4005-41-8] from sodium [ " C]-cyanide, and [2- " C]-uracil [626-07-3] [27017-27-2] from [ " C]-urea. All syntheses of the basic radioactive building blocks have been described (4). 

Complexing agents, which act as buffers to help control the pH and maintain control over the free metal—salt ions available to the solution and hence the ion concentration, include citric acid, sodium citrate, and sodium acetate potassium tartrate ammonium chloride. Stabilizers, which act as catalytic inhibitors that retard the spontaneous decomposition of the bath, include fluoride compounds thiourea, sodium cyanide, and urea. Stabilizers are typically not present in amounts exceeding 10 ppm. The pH of the bath is adjusted. 

Sodium Acetate Sodium Cyanide Sodium Formate Sulfanilamide Thiourea Toluene... 

As esters the alkyl halides are hydrolysed by alkalis to alcohols and salts of halogen acids. They are converted by nascent hydrogen into hydrocarbons, by ammonia into amines, by alkoxides into ethers, by alkali hydrogen sulphides into mercaptans, by potassium cyanide into nitriles, and by sodium acetate into acetic esters. (Formulate these reactions.) The alkyl halides are practically insoluble in water but are, on the other hand, miscible with organic solvents. As a consequence of the great affinity of iodine for silver, the alkyl iodides are almost instantaneously decomposed by aqueous-alcoholic silver nitrate solution, and so yield silver iodide and alcohol. The important method of Ziesel for the quantitative determination of alkyl groups combined in the form of ethers, depends on this property (cf. p. 80). 

The glyoxime dehydration route is compatible with various substituents including not only alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl but also acyl, carboxyl, and amino groups for example, 3-amino-4-phenylfurazan is formed on heating a-(hydroxyimino)phenylacetamidoxime with sodium acetate in ethanol, and the same compound also results from treatment of benzoyl cyanide with hydroxylamine and sodium acetate in ethanol <87IJC(B)690>. 

Formylfuran behaves in a very similar manner to benzaldehyde and undergoes the usual reactions of an aromatic aldehyde, e.g. (i) the Cannizzaro reaction with cone, sodium hydroxide to give furan-2-ylmethanol and the sodium salt of furoic acid, (ii) the Perkin reaction with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate to yield an aldol product that dehydrates to 3-(furan-2-yl)propenoic acid, and (iii) a condensation with potassium cyanide in alcoholic solution to form furoin (under these conditions, benzaldehyde undergoes the benzoin condensation) (Scheme 6.32). 

The thiazolium salt 3-benzyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l,3-thiazolium chloride is an excellent catalyst for the addition of unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes to vinylketones (79CB84). The presence of a base such as sodium acetate or triethylamine is required, for the thiazolium salt must first be transformed into the ylide structure (615), which then exerts a catalytic effect resembling that of cyanide ion in the benzoin condensation (Scheme 137). Yields of 1,4-diketones (616) produced in this process were generally good. The use of thiazolium salts for other related reactions has been reviewed (76AG(E)639). 

The electrochemical oxidation of 2,5-dimethylthiophene in various electrolytes has been investigated (71JOC3673). In non-halide electrolytes such as ammonium nitrate or sodium acetate, the primary anodic process is the oxidation of the thiophene to the cation-radical (159). Loss of a proton, followed by another oxidation and reaction with solvent methanol, leads to the product (160) (Scheme 31). When the electrolyte is methanolic NaCN, however, nuclear cyanation is observed in addition to side-chain methoxylation. Attack by cyanide ion on the cation-radical (159) can take place at either the 2- or the 3-position, leading to the products (161)-(163) (Scheme 32). 

Reaction of 9-bromotetrahydropyridopyrimidine-3-carboxamide 587 with potassium thiocyanate (85H2289), sodium acetate, sodium iodide, and sodium cyanide (87H869) afforded diastereomeric mixtures of 9-thiocyanato 588, 9-acetoxy 589, 9-iodo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro 590, and 9-... 

Garson, M. J., Biosynthesis of the novel diterpene isonitrile diisocyanodociane by a marine sponge of the Amphimedon genus incorporation studies with sodium [14C]cyanide and sodium [2-14C]acetate, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 35, 1986. 

Potassium Cyanacetate.—With this Moore 5 obtained at the positive pole carbon dioxide, besides traces of nitrogen and ethylene cyanide at the negative pole hydrogen and potassium hydroxide, bodies analogous to those obtained in the decomposition of sodium acetate. 

Explosive or potentiaOy explosive reaction with ammonia, cesium fluoride + fluorocarboxylic acids, cesium heptafluoropropoxide, 1- or 2-fluoriminoperfluoropropane, graphite, halocarbons (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, perfluorocyclobutane, iodoform, 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane), liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., anthracene, turpentine), hydrogen, hydrogen -I- oxygen, hydrogen fluoride + seleninyl fluoride + heat, nitric acid, silver cyanide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, sodium acetate, sodium bromate, stainless steel, water. 

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