Society, origins

According to the definition of the American Vacuum Society originally defined in 1958, the vacuum is defined as the fact that a given space filled with gas at pressure below the atmospheric pressure, i.e. having a density of less than about... 

Schwann, T. (1847). Microscopical Researches, trans. H. Smith. London Sydenham Society. Original pubhshed in German (1839). 

De George, R. T., (Ed.). Ethics and Society Original Essays on Contemporary Moral Problems. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday Anchor, 1966. 

Copyright 1992 by the American Physiological Society Originally published by American Physiological Society in 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992... 

The proposal for specialist sections within the American Chemical Society originated with Arthur A. Noyes of MIT, but the initiative of ACS President Marston T. Bogert (Columbia University) was instrumental in carrying out the reform in 1908 see III, Bogert, 1908. A convenient guide to ACS organizational reform in this period is III, Browne and Weeks, 1952,68-89. 

Figure Bl.1.2. Spectrum of fonnaldehyde with vibrational resolution. Several vibronic origins are marked. One progression m starting from the origin is indicated on the line along the top. A similar progression is built on each vibronic origin. Reprinted with pennission from [20]. Copyright 1982, American Chemical Society.

Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society (grant 29566-G4), by a K STAR EPSCoR FIRST Award, and by the University of Kansas General Research Fund. The use of the Origin 2000 computer at the Kansas Center for Advanced Scientific Computing is gratefully acknowledged. 

C. V. Boys, Soap Bubbles Their Colors and the Forces Which Mold Them, Dover Pubhcations, New York, 1959 originally pubhshed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1890. 

Specifications and Standards, Shipping. Commercial iodine has a minimum purity of 99.8%. The Committee of Analytical reagents of the American Chemical Society (67) and the U.S. Pharmacopoeia XXII (68) specify an iodine content not less than 99.8%, a maximum nonvolatile residue of 0.01%, and chlorine—bromine (expressed as chlorine) of 0.005% (ACS) and 0.028% (USP), respectively. In the past these requirements were attained basicaHy only by sublimation, but with processing changes these specifications can be met by direct production of iodine. Previously the impurities of the Chilean product were chiefly water, sulfuric acid, and insoluble materials. Improvements in the production process, and especiaHy in the refining step, aHow the direct obtainment of ACS-type iodine. Also, because of its origin and production process, the Chilean iodine has a chlorine—bromine impurity level of no more than 0.002%. 

As a family of resins originally developed in the early twentieth century, the nature and potential of phenoHc resins have been explored thoroughly to produce an extensive body of technical Hterature (1 8). A symposium sponsored by the American Chemical Society commemorated 75 years of phenoHc resin chemistry in 1983 (9), and in 1987 the PhenoHc Mol ding Division of the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) sponsored a conference on phenoHcs in the twenty-first century (1). 

CHETAH-The MSTM Chemical Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation Program, ASTM Data Series Pubheation DS 51, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, 1974, original, updated. 

The AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) and the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) specifications are essentially the same. The Hst is simplified to show typical compositions. Eor ranges, see original tables. 

T. Koizybski, Z. Kowszyk-Gindifei, and W. Kmylowicz, Antibiotics Origin, JSSature, and Properties, American Society foi Microbiology, Washington,... 

Colour Index, and its Additions and Amendments, 3rd ed.. Society of Dyers and Colourists, London, and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Durham, N.C. It now consists of seven volumes. The Colourindex was originally written by and for the textile industry, but pigments are receiving increasing attention. 

Construction Codes Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Division 1, which is part of Section T11 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), sei ves as a construction code by providing minimum standards. New editions of the code are usually issued every 3 years. Interim revisions are made semiannually in the form of addenda. Compliance with ASME Code requirements is mandatoiy in much of the United States and Canada. Originally these rules were not prepared for heat exchangers. However, the welded joint between tube sheet and shell of the fixed-tube-sheet heat exchanger is now included. A nonmandatoi y... 

Applications PSA cycles are used primarily for purification of wet gases and of hydrogen. One of the earhest applications was the original Skarstrom two-bed cycle (adsorption, countercurrent blowdown, countercurrent purge, and cocurrent repressurization) to diy air stream to less than 1 ppm H9O [Skarstrom, ibid.]. Instrument-air diyers stiU use a PSA cy(de similar to Skarstrom s with activated alumina or sihca gel [Armond, in Townsend, The Propei ties and Applications of Zeolites, The Chemical Society, London, pp. 92-102 (1980)]. 

In addition to all the metallic phase diagrams, a series of volumes devoted to ceramic systems have been published since 1964 by the American Ceramic Society and is still continuing. The original title was Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, now it is named Phase Equilibria Diagrams. Some 25,000 diagrams, binary and ternary mostly, have been published to date. There is no compilation for polymeric systems, since little attention has been devoted to phase diagrams in this field up to now. 

The original steam generators were simple pressure vessels that were prone to caiasirophic failures and loss of life. Due to better boiler design, tube-fired boilers, and boiler inspections, the incidence of catastrophic failure is now to a rare event (about once every 100,000 vessel-years). In Great Britain in 1866, there were 74 steam boiler explosions causing 77 deaths. This was reduced to 17 explo.sions and 8 deaths in 1900 as a result of inspections performed by the Manchester Steam User Association. In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers established the ASME Pressure Ves.sel Codes with comparable reductions. 

Figures 1-3 and Tables 1-3 were originally published in the indicated volumes of the Journal of Organic Chemistry. The American Chemical Society has kindly granted permission for reproduction. The author is indebted to Professor H. Wynberg and Professor D. J. Gerritsen for encouragement to write this chapter.

While still a student at the Academy, Ipatieffbegan to make a name for himself in the Russian chemical community as he began to publish some of his laboratory findings. His first professional milestone as a chemist came in 18h() when he joined Russia s Physical-Chemical Society. Here he came into close contact with Russia s most famous chemists, including Dimitri Mendeleev, discoverer of the periodic table and one of the founders ol the Society. In 1891, upon graduating from the school, he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Academy where he also continued to undertake original chemical research for his doctoral dissertation. In 1895, he was made assistant professor and, upon completion and acceptance of his dissertation in 1899, he became a full professor of chemistry. 

Figure 10-50A. Tube-side film heat transfer coefficient for water. (Used by permission Kern, D. Q., Process Heat Transfer, 1= Ed., 1950. McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Original adapted from Eagle and Ferguson, Proc. Royal Society A 127, 450, 1930.)...

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