Soaps sodium compounds

Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. 

Sodium compounds, 22 760-761, 762 as soap bar additives, 22 744 Sodium cyanamide, 8 184 Sodium cyanate, 8 184 Sodium cyanide, 8 183-184 analysis, 8 190 economic aspects, 8 189 health and safety factors, 8 190-191 manufacture, 8 187-189 properties, 8 184-187, 185t silver extraction via, 22 638, 646-647 uses, 8 191... 

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is one of the most useful industrial sodium compounds. It is also known as lye or caustic soda and is one of the strongest base alkahs (high pH value) on the household market. It is used as a drain and oven cleaner, and it saponifies fats in the manufacture of soap. It must be used with care because it is also capable of producing serious skin burns. 

Uses of the alkali hydroxides.—A soln. of potassium hydroxide is used in the laboratory as an absorbent for carbon dioxide, the sodium compound is not so often used because of the formation of less soluble sodium carbonate which is liable to choke the delivery tubes with crystals. Potassium hydroxide is used in making soft soaps the corresponding sodium compound gives the ordinary hard soaps. The hydroxide fused with a little lime is used as a cautery—pierre a cautere. The alkali lye is also used as a cleansing fluid, since it forms soluble soaps with many greases and fats. The lye also dissolves animal tissues. 

Common table salt is the most important commercial sodium compound. It is used in ceramic glazes, metallurgy, soap manufacture, home water softeners, highway de-icing, herbicides, fire extinguishers, and resins. 

Use Glass manufacture, chemicals, pulp and paper manufacture, sodium compounds, soaps and detergents, water treatment, aluminum production, textileprocessing, cleaning preparations, petroleum refining, sealing ponds from leakage (sodium ions bind to clay particles, which swell to seal leaks), catalyst in coal liquefaction. 

United States goes to this application. Sodium hydroxide is also an important raw material in the manufacture of soap. The method by which soap is made has not changed very much for thousands of years. A fat or oil is added to a boiling solution of sodium hydroxide in water. The fat or oil hydrolyzes into its component parts, glycerol and fatty acids. The sodium hydroxide then reacts with the fatty acids, forming sodium salts. The sodium salt of a fatty acid is a soap. Sodium hydroxide is also an important raw material in the manufacture of inorganic compounds, especially sodium and calcium hypochlorite, sodium cyanide, and a number of sulfur-containing compounds. Some other important uses of sodium hydroxide include ... 

Metallic soap n. Salts derived from metals and organic acids, usually fatty acids. They include not only the sodium and potassium salts, which are popularly known as soaps, but compounds such as lead linoleate, calcium resinate, aluminum stearate, etc. 

Highway lamps often incorporate Na arcs, which produce a bright yellow glow. A few examples of the uses of sodium compounds are NaOH, called caustic soda, lye, or soda lye (used for production of rayon, cleansers, textiles, soap, paper, and many polymers) ... 

Sulfates of sodium are iadustriaUy important materials commonly sold ia three forms (Table 1). In the period from 1970 to 1981, > 1 million metric tons were consumed aimuaHy ia the United States. Siace then, demand has declined. In 1988 consumption dropped to 890,000 t, and ia 1994 to 610,000 t (1,2). Sodium sulfate is used principally (40%) ia the soap (qv) and detergent iadustries. Pulp and paper manufacturers consume 25%, textiles 19%, glass 5%, and miscellaneous iadustries consume 11% (3). About half of all sodium sulfate produced is a synthetic by-product of rayon, dichromate, phenol (qv), or potash (see Chromium compounds Fibers, regenerated cellulosics Potassium compounds). Sodium sulfate made as a by-product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirabilite, thenardite, or naturally occurring brine is called natural sodium sulfate. In 1994, about 300,000 t of sodium sulfate were produced as a by-product another 300,000 t were produced from natural sodium sulfate deposits (4). 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

Caustic soda by reaction of sodium amalgam and water Nitration of organic compounds with aqueous nitric acid Formation of soaps by action of aqueous alkahes on fats or fatty acids Sulfur removal from petroleum fractious by aqueous ethauolamiues Treating of petroleum products with sulfuric acid... 

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