Soaps formulation

Since the amphoterics have far greater lime soap dispersing power than the anionics, an amphoteric LSDA-soap formulation requires less LSD A and tolerates sodium sulfate in the following soap-LSDA formulation [29]. 

A device for imparting shear to a dispersion for the purpose of reducing the particle size of the dispersed material. Somewhat similar to a roll crusher. Examples of dispersions processed over a roll mill are pigment grinds (pigments dispersed in a fluid such as castor oil) and soap formulations (where the dispersed material includes fragrance oil droplets and pigments). 

Phosphates. Tetrsaodium pyrophosphate (Na4P207, TSPP) became commercially available in the mid-1930s and soon gained acceptance as the preferred builder for soap-formulated... 

Where neem is not permitted, additives can be used (wetting agents or soap formulations). These are not as effective, however. Pyrethrum—rotenone formulations are also ineffective. 

If there is no possibility of natural regulation, either a pyrethrum-rotenone formulation or a soap formulation (wetting agent) can be used. 

DIRECT. Chemical control of the green apple aphid is seldom necessary if there is optimum conservation of beneficials. If treatment is needed, however, a pyrethrum-rotenone formulation or soap formulation can be used. Neem has no effect on the green apple aphid. 

Palm stearin can be the cheapest source of C16-C18 fatty acids for soap. Palm stearin alone has a very high titer value (47-50°C) such that when a high proportion is incorporated into toilet soap formulation, the soap becomes hard and cracks easily. Experiments conducted indicated that 30-50% of palm stearin could be incorporated with tallow and 20% of lauric (palm kernel) fatty acid to obtain titer of the finished product of between 40.5 and 44°C (181). 

Other coco-based surfactants are sulfosuccinates formed by the reaction of coco fatty alcohol with maleic anhydride and further reaction with sodium sulfite or bisulfite. This product possesses good foaming properties, is compatible with soap, and is a good lime dispersant. It is used in toilet soap formulation, shampoos, hand cleaning pastes, and for scouring raw wool. Its ether variant, with 2-4 moles ethylene oxide, forms intense, finely structured foam and is used in combination with ether sulfate in baby shampoos and bath preparations. 

A widely available anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate. This surfactant is fairly irritating to skin. Ethoxylation of this surfactant lowers its irritation potential but it also lowers its lather. The optimal mildness and lather is obtained with a degree of ethoxylation of 2 or 3. This surfactant is widely used with 2 moles of ethoxylation (laureth 2-sulfate) and is available as 28% active or 70% active. In some cases it is also used with 3 moles of ethoxylation (laureth 3-sulfate). The loss of lather due to ethoxylation is generally compensated for by using foam boosters such as lauramide diethanolamide, cocamide diethanolamide, and amine oxides. Alfa olefin sulfonate is another cost-effective surfactant emerging as a popular surfactant for liquid soap formulations [7],... 

The dyes used in shower gel and liquid hand soap formulations are required by regulations in U.S. and Europe to be FD C (food, drug, and cosmetic) or D C (drug and cosmetic). Generally, two or three dyes are blended together to obtain a desired color. Initial color is then measured using conventional instruments such... 

A consumer validation of the various benefits of shower gel and liquid hand soap formulations, evaluated in the various tests mentioned above, is critical to the success of the product in the marketplace. The consumer test not only provides this validation, but it also provides much more valuable information, such as consumer likes and dislikes about product attributes and aesthetics and purchase intent. 

An extensive list of shower gel and liquid hand soap formulations can be found in... 

Figure 9.2 Conditioning vegetabe soap formulation (a 80 20 palm. coconut soap base, ex Unichema Int., Gouda, Netherlands bpolyquaternium-7, ex Chemviron Speciality Chems., Overijse, Belgium)...

USE Meerwein-Ponndorf reactions alcoholysis and ester exchange synthesis of higher alkoxides. chelates, and acyl-aies formation of aluminum soaps, formulation of paints waterproofing finishes for textiles. 

The grease in Table 4 represents a more typical lithium soap formulation. Phosphorous loss is almost negligible in this grease sample. However, boron suffers a nearly 25 % loss from the... 

For direct saponification routes to soap, once a fat blend has been selected then particularly for toilet soap formulations, some method of raw material pretreatment is often applied. Commonly used methods involve bleaching, either with diatomaceous earth or activated carbon and, less commonly, deodorization... 

In bar soap formulations, the product attributes are highly affected by the types and ratios of different oils and fats. A detailed description of the quality of oils and fats used for soaps has been given by Shirhatti et al. [39]. 

FIGURE 7.3 Relative transepidermal water loss by FCAT with syndet and soap formulation (5-day repeat wash clinical test). (From Abbas, S.H., Goldberg, J.W., and Michael, M., Dermatol. Ther.. 17(Suppl. 1), 35-42, 2004. With permission.)... 

Structurally, liquid hand soap formulation can be broken down into several parts. 

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