Soap Definition

Classification Ammonium soap Definition Ammonium salt of oleic acid Empirical C18H37NO2... 

CAS 61789-31-9 EINECS/ELINCS 263-050-4 Synonyms Coconut fatty acid, sodium salt Coconut oil fatty acids, sodium salt Fatty acids, coconut oil, sodium salts Fatty acids, coco, sodium salts Sodium coconate Sodium coconut oil soap Definition Sodium salt of coconut acid Properties Anionic... 

Oleic acid ammonium salt Classification Ammonium soap Definition Ammonium salt of oleic acid Empirical CijHj NOj Formula CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COONH4... 

Fatty acids, corn oil, potassium salts Potassium com acid soap Definition Potassium salt of com acid... 

Description of the Method. The operational definition of water hardness is the total concentration of cations in a sample capable of forming insoluble complexes with soap. Although most divalent and trivalent metal ions contribute to hardness, the most important are Ca + and Mg +. Hardness is determined by titrating with EDTA at a buffered pH of 10. Eriochrome Black T or calmagite is used as a visual indicator. Hardness is reported in parts per million CaCOs. 

There is another point of view from which it is often useful to regard surface phenomena. If the surface of a soap-film in a wire frame is increased by moving outwards against the tension one side of the frame, a quantity of work must be done against the surface tension equal to the product of the surface tension and the increase of area. A definite quantity of potential energy is thus bound up with each unit of surface. The numerical value of the surface energy defined as energy per unit surface is clearly the same as that of the surface tension. The dimensions in each case are... 

These figures are in approximate agreement with values calculated -with the aid of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm (see p. 134) but no definite conclusions may be drawn from them since the actual area of liquid-liquid interface in all probability was variable being dependent on the amount of emulsifying agent present. More recently the quantity of various soaps required to form a stable emulsion of kerosene in water has been determined by Grifiin (J.A.C.8. XLV. 1648, 1923) for sodium oleate, potassium stearate and potassium palmitate and by der Meulen and Riemann ibid. XLVI. 876, 1924) for sodium ricinoleate. 

The examination of the electrolytic conductivity of soap solutions has, however, indicated that they are relatively good conductors and the conductivity concentration curve exhibits the interesting property of a definite minimum. The values for the specific conductivity of potassium palmitate are (McBain and Martin, J.G.S. ov. 967, 1914) plotted in the following curve. 

The consistency of Napalm gel is variable and depends on many factors. However, 2-4% of Napalm gives a definitely stringy gel whereas 10-12% gives a very elastic gel which is almost solid. Napalm, while satisfactory as a thickener, is hygroscopic and also susceptible to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen resulting in a thickened gasoline with poor characteristics. In the presence of moisture, the soap may hydrolyze as shown in Equation 5.24 ... 

Most of them dissolve in solutions of the fixed alkalies, whether hot or cold, as also in ammonia, and form definite salts—re slnates—some of which are quite neutral, These resinates are soluble in water, and form a considerable portion of the cheaper kinds of soap, being themselves possessed of detergent qualities. RoBtnatcs of the alkaline earths, and of the heavy metallic oxides, may be prepared from those of the alkalies by double decomposition but they are insoluble, and generally strong acids liberate the resin from them unchanged. 

Nor are those in phase 2 free of 5.8- to 5.9-micron absorbing material. The latter peak is characteristic of both free fatty acid and phase 1 acid-soap. Hence, this does not allow a definitive statement of the second species present. It is, however, likely to be phase 1 (or 3) material since the DTA results point to the absence of free fatty acid in most cases. Furthermore, acid-soap in one phase can transform to another phase as has been clearly demonstrated. 

Nature utilizes surfactants for a variety of additional roles. A natural surfactant, using a strict definition, is a surfactant taken directly from a natural source (isolated by a separation procedure from either a plant or an animal origin).42 Lecithin, obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is probably the best example of a truly natural surfactant. Other natural originated surfactants are the various soap-like surfactants for the removal of fatty/oily substances. These compounds produce a rich lather when dispersed into water and are found in various natural systems (such as chestnuts, in leaves and seeds of Saponaria Officinalis (soapwort), in the bark of the South American soaptree Quillaja saponaria Molina and in the fruits of Acacia Auriculiformis (Figure 7.2) 43,44... 

Non-Polymeric Materials. Waxes, soaps, greases, asphalts, oils. Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons of different molecular weight when treated to a common thermal history (such as slow program-cooling from above the melt) give complex but highly repeatable characteristic DSC melting profiles (16,17). In the absence of any other forensic evidence, these thermal profiles should be sufficiently specific and repeat-able to be definitive evidence. 

The modem definition of soap relates to cleansing agents derived from fats, oils, and other fatty derivatives the soaps are alkali... 

Prepare a solvent mixture consisting of equal parts, by volume, of benzene and methanol, add bromophenol blue TS, and neutralize with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid, or use neutralized acetone as the solvent. Accurately weigh the amount of sample specified in the individual monograph, dissolve it in 100 mL of the neutralized solvent mixture, and titrate with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid to a definite yellow endpoint. Calculate the percentage of soap in the sample by the formula... 

The decrease in the size of soap bubbles caused by air diffusion has been observed by some researchers [480]. Manegold et. al. [480] have determined gas permeability of bubble films with a diameter of 5 cm produced from a 2% Nekal solution and filled with hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These experiments can hardly be used to draw any definite conclusions on the effect of adsorption layer on the rate of diffusion transfer. 

---