Soap Based Stabilizers

Heat Stability, Clarity, Foam Activation, Extrusion/Inj. Mldg., Calendering, Plastisol Recommended Printability Good 

Heat Stability, Clarity, Printability, Plastisol Good 

Lubricity, Clarity, Low Plateout Recommended Low-odor/Volatility Good 

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Uses Surfactant, emulsifier in cosmetics soap base stabilizer gellant ointment base for pharmaceuticals in food-pkg. adhesives in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings for polyolefin films defoamer in food-contact paper coatings, paper/paperboard in cellophane for food pkg. in resin-bonded filters for food contact in food-contact rubber articles, textiles in surf, lubricants for mfg. of food-contact metallic articles Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105, 175.320, 176.170, 176.200, 176.210, 177.1200, 177.2260, 177.2600, 177.2800, 178.3910 Manuf./Distrib. A8iE Connock http //www.connock.co.uk, Norman, Fox http //www. norfoxx. com Trade Name Synonyms Norfox Coco Powder [Norman, Fox http //www.norfoxx.com]... 

Chem. Descrip. Silicone resin in dioctyl adipate Uses Foam stabilizer in mechanically foamed PVC plastisols Features Produces very fine, homogeneous, and open celled foam structure giving very good resist, to compr. set gives a dry surf, and reduced susceptibility to water absorp. of the gelled PVC plastisol compared to soap-based stabilizers Properties Dens, 1.04 g/ml (20 C) flash pt. > 100 C ref index 1,435 > 95% NV Use Level 2-4 phr... 

Within this category, the greases are divided into those based on simple soaps and those based on complex soaps. The latter generally have better high temperature and structural stability properties under high mechanical shear they also have higher resistance to water than their simple soap-based counterparts. 

Fortified rosin can also be converted to high free-rosin emulsions by using various stabilizers. Typically, these are 35% soHds emulsions, which exhibit exceUent stabiHty in relation to storage and mechanical action, such as is found in transfer pumps. Generally, fortified rosin emulsions are more efficient sizes than their soap-based Hquid or paste counterparts. 

The stabilizer or stabilization system used depends on the heat and shear likely to be experienced by the polymer during processing, the end use application requirements, such as clarity or color, and the health concerns. A major health issue has been identified with the lead salts and soaps, because of their relative solubility and their corresponding potential to leach into water. For this reason, lead stabilizers currently find use only when other stabilizer systems do not provide the necessary stabilization or end use properties. Wire and cable sheathing is the only remaining application where the use of the lead stabilizer systems is widespread. Since most humans do not chew on wires (though mice, rats, and squirrels do) and lead-based stabilizers provide superior electrical properties, lead salts persist in this application. 

Pink soaps are often as difficult as white, while yellow soaps will allow the use of yellowing materials such as citral and Schiff bases. Similarly beige and brown colored soaps will permit the use of certain amounts of nitromusks and eugenol. The quality of the soap base is important both in its effect on general stability, for example, with aldehydes, and on certain types of discoloration. The presence of iron, for example, can cause problems with salicylates, although most modem soaps contain sequestering agents that effectively inactivate heavy metals. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 53 g/kg mildly toxic by ing. TSCA listed Precaution Combustible Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes HMIS Health 0, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Uses Emulsifier, dispersant for foods, oils, waxes, solvents antifoam dry-cleaning soap base plasticizer for PVC, PS, cellulosics emollient, emulsifier for cosmetics stabilizer, thickener, opacifier for skin creams/lotions, shampoos emulsifier, stabilizer, solubilizer, carrier in pharmaceuticals in food-pkg. adhesives defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105, 176.210, 177.2800, GRAS Japan approved Europe listed Manuf./Distrib. A E Connock http //www.connock.co.uk, ABITEC http //www.abiteccorp.com. Adept Sol ns. Ashland http //www.ashchem.com. ... 

Cationic surfactants can also be used as functional additives in traditional chain lubricant formulations, including biocides, stress-craze inhibitors and coupling agents. As mentioned above, the first use of alkylamines in chain lubricants was as an additive in a traditional, soap-based formulation to improve the stability of the system. Ethoxylated amines have also been employed as coupling agents in an alkaline diamine track lubricant, while tertiary amines have found utility as saponifying agents in traditional, soap-based chain formulations. 

Absorption of Hydrogen Chloride. Effective heat stabilizers have the abiHty to bind hydrogen chloride. Most stabilizer systems contain one or more metallic soaps or salts which readily undergo a simple acid—base reaction with the by-product hydrogen chloride as the PVC degrades ... 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

Physical Form, brown to black oily liquid new mineral-based crankcase oil contains petrochemicals (straight-chain hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons or PAH) plus stabilizers and detergents including zinc dithiophosphate, zinc diaryl or dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZTDP), calcium alkyl phenates, magnesium, sodium, and calcium sulfonates, tricresyl phosphates, molybdenum disulfide, heavy metal soaps, cadmium, and zinc. ... 

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