Snorting

Entrainment losses by flashing are frequently encountered in an evaporator. If the feed is above the boiling point and is introduced above or only a short distance below the liquid level, entrainment losses may be excessive. This can occur in a snort-tube-type evaporator if the feed is introduced at only one point below the lower tube... 

Industrial use of cogeneration leads to small, dispersed electric-power-generation installations—an alternative to complete reliance on large central power plants. Because of the relatively snort distances over which thermal energy can be transported, process-heat generation is characteristically an on-site process, with or without cogeneration. 

For recreational use, ketamine is often snorted or smoked with marijuana or tobacco products, but it may also be injected intramuscularly (Weiner et al. 2000). The typical street dose of ketamine ranges from 30 to 300 mg. These amounts are in contrast to the chnical doses used for anesthesia, which range from 2 to 10 mg/kg. Ketamine has a half-life of less than 2 hours and is metabohzed by the cytochrome P450 en2yme system (Koesters et al. 2002 Reich and SUvay 1989). 

PCP is also ingested in pill form, each tablet containing about 2 to 6 mg of PCP (Lundberg et al. 1976). PCP powder may be sniffed or snorted, or incorporated into marijuana cigarettes. 

Nasal Administration. The nasal mucosa is relative permeable to small molecular weight compounds. The most notorious example is cocaine. Cocaine that is snorted is both rapidly and extensively absorbed. Small peptides have also been successfully administered nasally, although the bioavailability is low. However, where the availability is not critical, nasal administration of peptides has been successful. The best example is... 

In the forest insects hang where the sun s streams warm the air as we ride through they dart and nip. The horses toss their heads and snort to shake them off, but we trot too fast for all but the biggest flies to stay with us. How it will be when the horses are weary, I do not know. The marshes north of York are low-lying, and agueish even in winter on a hot summer s day they swarm with gnats and midges. 

Nasal (NS) Through the nose. Cocaine is snorted up the nose and then absorbed through blood capillaries in the thin nasal membrane. 

Heroin can be snorted, smoked, and given intravenously. Complications of heroin use include overdoses, anaphylactic reactions to impurities, nephrotic syndrome, septicemia, endocarditis, and acquired immunodeficiency. 

Oxycodone, a controlled-release dosage form, is sometimes crushed by abusers to get the full 12-hour effect almost immediately. Snorting or injecting the crushed tablet can lead to overdose and death. 

The hydrochloride salt is inhaled or injected. It can be converted to cocaine base (crack or rock) and smoked to achieve almost instant absorption and intense euphoria. Tolerance to the high develops quickly. The high from snorting can last 15 to 30 minutes the high from smoking can last 5 to 10 minutes. 

MDMA is usually taken by mouth as a tablet, capsule, or powder, but it can also be smoked, snorted, or injected. Taken by mouth, effects last 4 to 6 hours. 

It is usually injected but can be evaporated to crystals, powdered, and smoked, snorted, or swallowed. Marijuana cigarettes can be soaked in ketamine solution. 

Deaths directly attributable to LSD have not been documented. A suspected case occurred in a 34-year-old man who had been known to act strangely on occasion and who was later found dead. Postmortem examination revealed no anatomic cause of death, but the liver showed extremely high concentrations of LSD (23). Hyperthermia, coma, and respiratory arrest were found among eight users who had snorted an unusually large amount of LSD serum concentrations ranged from 2 to 26 ng/ml in these patients (3). These complications, as well as seizures, which have been reported in other cases of overdose, could produce death in an unattended subject. 

I ve found that if I bring in coffee beans, put them in a little cup, and snort it, I can clear my sinuses and nasal passages. I also carry lavender with me because lavender clears the air. If there s a smell that s hard for me, I smell the coffee beans or put a little lavender on my temples to try to change the air. And I tell people that we have a fragrance-free policy. 

Snorting ketamine gives brief but bizarre effects. See CA 61 5569d or US Patent 3,254,124. for synthesis and the recent writings of John Lilly and others for effects. 

Figure 2.1 Methamphetamine can come in a crystallized form and be snorted with a pipe (shown here). Methamphetamine in this form is known as ice or glass. The drug is also found in pill or tablet form, but produces a less immediate high, because the drug does not directly enter the bloodstream when taken orally.

When methamphetamine is smoked or injected intravenously, it produces a rapid intense rush, flash, or euphoria (very pleasurable sensation) within 3-5 minutes of taking the drug. This rush only lasts a few minutes and is not usually experienced after snorting the drug or taking it orally in pill form. After the rush wears off (usually after a few more minutes), the user becomes extremely alert, active, energetic, and restless,... 

Ecstasy most commonly comes in the form of a small pill (Figure 3.2). These pills come in a large variety of shapes and colors with various designs imprinted on them. A typical Ecstasy pill costs between 10 and 25 and contains 75-150 milligrams of MDMA. Since these pills look so much like candy, they are often concealed by mixing them into a bag of M Ms or Skittles , or even placing the pills inside a Pez dispenser. The pills are usually chewed or taken with a drink. In rarer instances, the pills are crushed into a powder and snorted or injected intravenously, or the pills are inserted into the rectum ( shafting ). 

Rohypnol was originally manufactured in the form of a small round white pill, each a little over a centimeter in diameter (see Figure 5.1), with the word Roche stamped on it. Each pill contained 1-2 milligrams of the drug. On the street, these pills cost anywhere from 2- 10 each. While many illicit users of Rohypnol chose to take the pill orally, some ground the pills into a fine white powder so it could be snorted or mixed into a drink. 

Ketamine is most commonly sold to pharmacies and veterinary clinics in a clear liquid form (Figure 6.1). Illegal users of ketamine inject the drug intravenously or intramuscularly, mix it into a drink, or dip tobacco or marijuana cigarettes into the liquid prior to smoking them. Ketamine liquid is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. This liquid can be easily converted to a white powder by allowing the liquid to evaporate and then collecting the powder residue. This powder can also be mixed into drinks, snorted, or smoked. A typical dose of ketamine costs 20- 25 on the street. 

The chemical structure of ketamine is similar to that of the potent psychedelic PCP (Figure 6.2). Not surprisingly, ketamine produces many psychedelic effects that are similar to those produced by PCP. However, ketamine s effects are much shorter in duration—a trip on ketamine may last only 30-60 minutes, whereas a trip on PCP may last several hours. The onset of ketamine s actions is quite rapid (i.e., within minutes), especially if snorted or injected intravenously. 

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