Snake poisonous

The family Aristolochiaceae is a family of herbaceous plants often used in Asia and the Pacific to counteract snake poisoning, promote urination and menses, mitigate stomachache, and treat dropsy and skin diseases. During the past 20 years, members of this family, especially from the genus Aristolochia have attracted much interest and has been the subject of numerous chemical and pharmacological studies. The anti-inflammatory property of Aristolochia species is probably the result of a direct... 

It is recommended for vasculotoxic and neurotoxic snake poisoning. It is marketed in a lyophilised form which needs to be reconstituted with distilled water before use. ASV is always in short supply, difficult to procure and very costly. Low doses of ASV may be as effective as high doses, with shorter hospital stays, and reduced cost. 

Low molecular parts with a molecular weight < 15 (XX) are excreted completely by the kidney within a few hours like the PVP preparations are. Since low molecular substances present in the blood are strongly adsorbed at such polymers these polymer fractions are suitable for the depuration of the blood. Thus, the action of snake-poisons and tetanustoxin (54,55), can strongly be reduced if the solution of the polymer is injected a short time after the poisoning. 

Snake poison of inland taipan or small-scaled snake ( Oxyuranus microlepidotus) Rat subcutaneously 25 pg/kg of bw... 

Other Lethal Agents. There are a number of substances, many found in nature, which are known to be more toxic than nerve agents (6). None has been weaponized. Examples of these toxic natural products include shellfish poison, isolated from toxic clams puffer fish poison, isolated from the viscera of the puffer fish the active principle of curare "heart poisons" of the digitaUs type the active principle of the sea cucumber active principles of snake venom and the protein ricin, obtained from castor beans (See Castor oil). 

The venoms of poisonous snakes contain (among other things) a class of enzymes known as phospholipases, enzymes that cause the breakdown of phospholipids. For example, the venoms of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) and the Indian cobra Naja naja) both contain phospholipase Ag, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the C-2 position of glyc-erophospholipids. 

All sea snakes are poisonous and their venoms are extremely toxic. The LD q for crude sea snake venom can be as low as 0.10 fig/g mouse body weight (i). For purified toxin the LD q is even lower, suggesting the high toxicity of sea snake toxins and venoms. This toxicity is derived from the presence of potent neurotoxins. Compared to snake venoms of terrestrial origin, sea snake venoms have been studied less. Different enzymes reported to be present or absent are summarized in Table I. 

A. indica L. Indian Aristolochia, also known as Indian birthwort, ishvara (Sanskrit), or adagam (Tamil), is a bitter climber native to India. The medicinal material consists of the rhizome, which is to resolve inflammation (India), counteract insect poison, and as an antipyretic (Philippines and Vietnam). The rhizome contains aristolochic acid, which inhibits in vitro and dose-dependent phospholipid hydrolysis by the human synovial fluid phospholipase A2, snake venom phospholipase A2, porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2, and human platelet phospholipase A2 (2). 

Gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer, fed dead or moribund rodents poisoned with high concentrations of 1080 In 21 separate trials, 14 snakes regurgitated rodents and 7 had no significant effects within 5 days of ingestion 11... 

Brock, E.M. 1965. Toxicological feeding trials to evaluate the hazard of secondary poisoning to gopher snakes, Pituophis catenifer. Copeia 1965 244-245. 

Some naturally occurring extremely toxic and supertoxic chemicals are listed in Table 4.2, along with their environmental sources and toxicity targets. Some of these are toxins found in the venom of poisonous snakes or in the tissues of certain species of... 

We have been speaking of both venomous and poisonous animals, and there is a distinction between the two. A venomous animal is one that, like a snake, has a mechanism for delivering its toxins to a victim, usually during biting or stinging. A poisonous animal is one that contains toxins in its tissues, but cannot deliver them the victim is poisoned by ingesting the toxin-containing tissue. 

Finely chop the glands with a razor blade or pulverize in a blender. Extract the adrenalin into a small excess of hot H2O concentrate in a vacuum. Remove the salts and proteins (if proteins are not removed, they will give the same effect as blood poisoning from a rattle snake bite, but worse) by precipitating with alcohol and remove this precipitate by filtration. The filtrate is then distilled in vacuo to remove the adrenalin (1 would perform the filtration above, at room temp). Add a little ammonia to precipitate the active compound and filter from the water. The amount of ammonia depends on the amount of substance. To experiment, to get the proper amount, add a very little amount of ammonia to the distillate and filter off any precipitate if any forms. Add a little more ammonia and filter. Repeat until no more precipitate is formed, remember the amount of ammonia used and use this amount on the same amount of filtrate during the extraction of the next batch. 

Williams, B. L., Brodie, E. D., Jr., and Brodie E. D., Ill (2004). A resistant predator and its toxic prey persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30,1901-1919. 

The CPA or "Snake Pen" consists of a pen body containing a porous wick, such as that used in felt pens, and a solution ofDMSO and any number of toxins. When the wick is touched to the victim s skin he receives a fatal dose of poison. The CPA is built from a correction fluid pen, available at any office supply store. These pens have a soft, flexible body and are easy to modify. Unscrew the top from the son pen body, squeeze out the correction fluid and flush the interior with solvent to remove all traces of its original contents. Note that most of these pens have a left-hand thread on the body. The tip of the pen is sawed off and the valve stem carefully removed. Ream out the pen tip to fit the wick. A felt tip marker pen works well as a wick, after being soaked and rinsed in sol vent to remove traces of ink. It may be necessary to trim the wick to fit. Press the wick into the pen tip until about 3/8 " protrudes and seal around it with silicone sealer. When the sealant is dry, put on rubber gloves and, using a hypodermic syringes, inject the DMSO solution into the pen barrel until it is about 3/ 4 full. Be sure not to squeeze the pen while accomplishing this. Coat the barrel threads with a little silicone sealer, screw on the cap and allow the pen to dry in a vertical position. Line the inside of the cap... 

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