Animal venoms

Therapeutic Value of Peptides from Animal Venoms... 

Therapeutic Value Peptides from Animal Venoms 289... 

Abuelo JG. 1990. Renal failure caused by chemicals, foods, plants, animal venoms, and misuse of dmgs. Arch Intern Med 150 505-510. 

Name animal venoms and poisons Use medicinal uses... 

Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons by J. Meier and ]. White (eds), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 752 pp. 1995. 

I.S. Blagbrough and E. Moya, Animal Venoms and Insect Toxins as Lead Compounds for Agrochemicals , in Crop Protection Agents from Nature natural products and analogues , ed. L.G. Copping, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1996, pp. 339-359. 

Alternatively, some neuropeptides have been modified only slightly but often for related purposes. For example, most animal venoms are derived from neuropeptide-related precursors, and some may have originated from brain peptides that initially appeared at least 100 million years ago and have since been... 

Russell, F. E. Toxic effects of terrestrial animal venoms and poisons. In Casarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th ed., C. D. Klaassen, ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 945-964. 

Environmental toxicology is defined as the study of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment. Although this definition would encompass toxic chemicals naturally found in the environment (i.e., animal venom, microbial and plant toxins), environmental toxicology is typically associated with the study of environmental chemicals of anthropogenic origin. Environmental toxicology can be divided into two subcategories ... 

Monovalent Serums The production of serum from a single venom is known as a monovalent antivenin and will only counteract the specific animal venom administered to the animal. A monovalent serum will give the victim another chance to save, plus add a +10 to the save against it s specific venom derivative. Further it will reduce damage, duration and recovery time by an additional 50%. 

Animal venoms usually possess hyaluronidase activity [17]. The enzymatic properties, including hyaluronidase, of snake venoms have been extensively studied by Tan et al. [18]. Snake hyaluronidase acts on hyaluronan, chondroitin, and chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfate, producing various oligosaccharides, mainly tetrasaccharides [1]. 

N. Tan and P. Gnanajothy. Comparative study of the enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of some animal venoms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1030.299 (1992). 

According to Cavalier-Smith [57], secondary metabolites are most useful to the organisms producing them as competitive weapons and the selective forces for their production have existed even before the first cell. The antibiotics are more important than macromolecular toxins such as colicins and animal venoms because of their diffusibility into cells and broader modes of action. 

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