SMR . See

SERP. See adsorption, pressure swing SE-SMR. See sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming process Shanxi New Style Fuel and Stove Company, 520... 

SMR. See reforming, steam, methane SMROG. See reforming, steam, methane, off-gas... 

In the industrial worker cohort studies, the range of standardized mortality ratios (SMR see Table 2-2 for definitions of selected epidemiological terms) relevant to exposure to airborne formaldehyde were (a zero reflects a finding of no deaths from the subject cancer) ... 

Similar to gas cooled SMRs (see Section 4.3.2), the proven fission product confinement capability of TRISO type coated particle fuel at very high temperatures is specified as an important inherent safety feature for the prevention of consequences of severe accidents (DID Level 4 in Table 4). In addition to this, chemical inertness and low pressure of the liquid salt coolant eliminate the potential for damage to the confinement structure by rapid chemical energy releases or coolant vaporization. It is also mentioned that most fission products (excluding primary krypton and xenon) and all actinides escaping the fuel are soluble in the liquid salt and will remain in the liquid salt at very high temperatures. 

Mortality associated with acrylonitrile exposure was evaluated as part of a study of 15 643 male workers in a rubber plant in the United States (Akron, Ohio) (Delzell Monson, 1982). Included in the analysis were 327 workers who were employed for at least two years in the plant between 1 January 1940 and 1 July 1971, and who had worked in two departments where acrylonitrile was used, i.e., 81 worked only in the nitrile rubber manufacturing operation where exposures to 1,3-butadiene (see this volume), styrene (lARC, 1994a) and vinylpyridine also occurred and 218 only in the department where the latex was coagulated and dried. [No information on levels of exposure to acrylonitrile was provided ] Mortality among these workers was assessed through 1 July 1978 and compared with age- and calendar-time-specific rates for white men in the United States. SMRs were 0.8 ( = 74 95% CI, 0.7-1.0) for all causes of death, 1.2 ( = 22 95% CI, 0.8-1.9) for all cancers combined, 1.5 ( = 9 95% CI, 0.7-2.9) for lung cancer, 4.0 ( = 2 95% CI, 0.5-14.5) for urinary bladder cancer and 2.3 ( = 4 95% CI, 0.6-5.8) for cancers of the lymphatic and haematopoietic system. SMRs for lung cancer by duration of employment were [1.0] (4 observed, 3.8 expected) [95% CI, 0.3-2.7] for < 5 years, and [3.3] (5 observed, 1.5 expected) [95% CI, 1.1-7.8] for 5-14 years. No case was observed with duration > 15 years. 

Sweeney et al. (1986) studied mortality among 2510 male chemical workers in the United States, followed from 1952 to 1977. Potential exposures included tetraethyl lead (lARC, 1987b), ethylene dibromide (see this volume), 1,2-dichloroethane, inorganic lead (lARC, 1987b) and vinyl chloride monomer (lARC, 1987c). There were 156 deaths (SMR, 0.7) and 38 cancer deaths (SMR, 1.0) observed. There were excesses of cancer of the larynx (SMR, 3.6 90% CI, 0.7-11.5, based on 2 cases) and brain (SMR, 2.1 90% CI, 0.7-4.9, based on 4 cases). The SMR for all lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers w as 0.9 (90% CI, 0.3-1.9, based on 4 cases). Levels of exposure were not reported, but a NIOSH surv ey in 1980 found levels of exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane to be below the recommended NIOSH standard, while lead exposures were elevated. It was not possible to link mortality to any particular chemical exposure. 

SMR technology with the application of external high temperature energy sources (such as HTGR) provides for production of over 4 000 m3 of hydrogen from 1 000 m3 of natural gas (see Figure 2) (Ponamarev-Stepnoi, 2008). 

Figure 16.4 Map representing the SMR-REG distribution for each ASL referred to bladder cancer, for male (A) and female (B) in the Campania region. For explanations of labels, see Fig. 16.3.

An important insight is that the contribution to SMR is tissue specific (see Rolfe and Brown, 1997). Thus in humans, the relative sizes of liver, gastrointenstinal (GI) tract, kidney, lung, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and muscle are 2, 2, 0.5, 0.9, 2, 0.4, and 42%, respectively, and these together add up to about 50% of total body mass. However, the contributions of these same tissues to SMR are 17, 10, 6, 4, 20, 11, and 25% respectively, equivalent to over 90% of SMR all the remaining tissues (about 50% of the body) contribute only about 5% to SMR. What is more, this breakdown is also species specific. For the rat, for example, these same tissues contribute 20, 5, 7, 1, 3, 3, and about 25% to SMR, or about 75% of the total metabolism of the rest of the body accounts for the remaining 25% of SMR. 

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