Explosive, blasting, type

Explosive, blasting, type E or Agent blasting, Type E 0332... 

Explosive, Blasting Type B Substances consisting of (a) a mixture of ammonium nitrate or other inorganic nitrates with an explosive such as trinitrotoluene, with or without other substances such as wood-meal and aluminium powder, or (b) a mixture of ammonium nitrate or other inorganic nitrates with other combustible substances which are not explosive ingredients. Such explosives shall not contain nitroglycerin, similar liquid organic nitrates, or chlorates. UN App. B, ICAO A2, lATA App. A... 

Explosive, blasting, type D. Substances consisting of a mixture of organic nitrate compounds and combustible materials, such as hydrocarbons and aluminum powder. Such explosives must not contain nitroglycerin, any similar liquid organic nitrate, chlorate or ammonium-nitrate. The term generally includes plastic explosives. US 173.59... 

Explosive, Blasting Type E Substances consisting of water as an essential ingredient and high proportions of ammonium nitrate or other oxidizers, some or all of which are in solution. The other constituents may include nitro-derivatives such as trinitrotoluene, hydrocarbons or alu-... 

The Hopkinson-Cranz scaling law described earlier applies to scaling of reflected blast wave parameters just as well as it does to side-on waves. That is, all reflected blast data taken under the same atmospheric conditions for the same type of explosive source can be reduced to a common base for comparison and prediction. Sachs law for reflected waves fails close to high explosive blast sources but it does apply beyond about ten charge radii. 

Civil explosives are further sub-divided into permitted or permissible explosives and non-permitted explosives. Two types of civil explosives namely ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) and emulsion explosives dominate the rock blasting scene in the USA. 

Blast type warhead (with Dentex and aluminized explosive formulations) -used for damaging soft and semi-hard targets. 

HBX High blast explosive (Torpex type explosives)... 

Another method similar to flame as an impulse is to ignite the explosive by heat (Figure 5.3, B + C). A bridgewire which is heated by an electric current is either in direct contact with the primary explosive (hot-wire initiator), or first it is in contact with a pyrotechnical composition which then initiates the primary explosive by flame. This second type, called an electric match, is the most common initiation method in blasting caps worldwide. However, there is also a type of detonator known which achieves detonation without a primary explosive. This type of deto-... 

The OSHA standard includes the manufacture, storage, transportation, and use of explosives, blasting agents, and pyrotechnics, with no threshold or minimum quantity. The ERA standard includes all Division 1.1 explosives, as listed and defined in the U.S. DOT regulations [36]. The threshold quantity is set at 5000 pounds, based on the potential to detonate and yield a blast wave overpressure of 3 psi (gauge) at a distance of 100 meters (-328 feet) [5]. It should be noted that many explosives are listed in 49 CFR 172.101 as forbidden rather than 1.1, and these materials include Type A peroxides and particularly ketone peroxides [36]. 

Besides the protection afforded by barriers, sometimes the reinforcement of structures exposed to a possible explosive blast is considered. It is useful to remember in this connection that the time history of the pressure difference with reference to the preexisting one, generated by an explosive wave at a point a certain distance from the blast, is of the type shown in Figure 17-6. 

An explosive is a chemical compound or mixture of substances used or intended for creating a rapid, self-propagating reaction and explosion. Explosives release energy in the form of heat and pressure. Explosive materials include explosives, blasting agents, slurries, and detonators. There are various ways to initiate a reaction within an explosive. The methods depend on the type of substance. Ignition methods include fire, friction, concussion, percussion, or detonation. 

The hazard posed can be limited by maintaining a zone free of people and property around a storage area of explosive material. The minimum radius of the zone depends on the type and quantity of explosive, the extent and type of barrica ding, and the magnitude of loss that would be encountered if an explosive incident occurred. The maximum distance to which hazardous explosive effects propagate depends on the blast overpressure created, which as a first approximation is a function of the cube root of the explosive weight, W. This is termed the quantity distance and is defined as... 

In the manufacture of explosives, sodium nitrate is used mainly in blasting agents. In slurries and emulsions, sodium nitrate improves stabiUty and sensitivity. It also improves the energy balance because sodium nitrate replaces water, so that more fuel can be added to the formulation. Sodium nitrate reduces crystal size of slurries, which in turn increases detonating speed. In dynamites sodium nitrate is used as an energy modifier. Typical content of sodium nitrate is 20—50 wt % in dynamites, 5—30 wt % in slurries, and 5—15 wt % in emulsions. Sodium nitrate is used also in permissible dynamites, a special type of dynamite for coal (qv) mining. 

A vessel filled with a pressurized, superheated liquid can produce blasts upon bursting in three ways. First, the vapor that is usually present above the liquid can generate a blast, as from a gas-filled vessel. Second, the liquid will boil upon depressurization, and, if rapid boiling occurs, a blast wiU result. Third, if the fluid is combustible and the BLEVE is not fire induced, a vapor cloud explosion may occur (see Section 4.3.3.). In this subsection, only the first and second types of blast wiU be investigated. 

Table 6.10 presents some damage effects. It may give the impression that damage is related only to a blast wave s peak overpressure, but this is not the case. For certain types of structures, impulse and dynamic pressure (wind force), rather than overpressure, determine the extent of damage. Table 6.10 was prepared for blast waves of nuclear explosions, and generally provides conservative predictions for other types of explosions. More information on the damage caused by blast waves can be found in Appendix B. 

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