Skin ulcer

The primary routes of entry for animal exposure to chromium compounds are inhalation, ingestion, and, for hexavalent compounds, skin penetration. This last route is more important in industrial exposures. Most hexavalent chromium compounds are readily absorbed, are more soluble than trivalent chromium in the pH range 5 to 7, and react with cell membranes. Although hexavalent compounds are more toxic than those of Cr(III), an overexposure to compounds of either oxidation state may lead to inflammation and irritation of the eyes, skin, and the mucous membranes associated with the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Skin ulcers and perforations of nasal septa have been observed in some industrial workers after prolonged exposure to certain hexavalent chromium compounds (108—110), ie, to chromic acid mist or sodium and potassium dichromate. 

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is perhaps the most uniform, in terms of clinical and histopathological features, of the whole PM/DM disease complex. Presentation may be before 5 years of age with peak incidence between 8 and 12 years. The disease may remit and recur until well into young adult life. The skin lesions include a facial rash in butterfly distribution across nose and cheeks. Erythematous skin changes are seen over extensor surfaces of joints, especially knees, knuckles and elbows. Muscle involvement is generally evident some time later and takes the form of weakness and stiffness, particularly affecting shoulder and pelvic musculature. Proximal muscles are often worse affected than distal muscles and extensors worse than flexors. In the absence of prompt and effective treatment contractures may occur at elbows, ankles, knees, and hips. Subcutaneous calcification and skin ulceration may be found calcification of deeper-lying connective tissue may be apparent on X-ray. 

In extreme cases irritant chemicals can have a corrosive action. Corrosive substances can attack and weaken materials of construction, as mentioned in Chapter 3. They can also attack living tissue (e.g. to cause skin ulceration and in severe cases chemical burns), kill cells and possibly predispose to secondary bacterial invasion. Thus while acute irritation is a local and reversible response, corrosion is irreversible destruction at the site of the contact. The outcome is influenced by the nature of the compound, the concentration, duration of exposure, the pH (see Figure 4.1) etc. Thus dilute mineral acids may be irritant whereas at higher concentrations they may cause corrosion. 

Gen His general appearance is that of an obese male with tenderness and pain in the region of the non-healing skin ulcer Skin Large, deep ulcer with purulent drainage on his left... 

Hydroxyurea -antimetabolite inhibits ribonucleotide reductase cell cycle specific -bone marrow suppression -nausea and vomiting (uncommon at standard doses) -maculopapular rash -skin ulceration -megaloblastosis (elevated MCV)... 

TGF-P Bone healing, skin ulcers, detached retinas... 

Yet another proteolytic preparation used for debridement of wounds and skin ulcers consists of proteolytic enzymes derived from B. subtilis. The preparation displays broad proteolytic activity and is usually applied several times daily to the wound surface. 

Liquid/Impregnated Solid Contact Inflammation of tissue around eyes Reddening of skin Ulceration of skin into watery boils Blistering of throat and lungs Dry land drowning Destruction of white blood cells Bone marrow destruction Damage to immune system Often leads to death... 

Skin crusts were reported on mice exposed repeatedly to 5 mg phenol as a 5% (w/v) solution for 32 weeks, whereas skin ulceration was observed in mice exposed to 5 mg phenol as a 20% (w/v) solution (Salaman and Glendenning 1957). The skin ulceration healed in 4 weeks after the end of the exposure. 

Skin ulcerations were reported in mice treated dermally with 20% phenol in acetone once each week for 24-32 weeks (Salaman and Glendenning 1957). Because humans are more likely to be dermally exposed to phenol in water, additional intermediate-duration studies examining the effects of dermal exposure to different concentrations of phenol in water are necessary. Additional intermediate-duration studies should include hematological effects as an endpoint. 

Breathing high levels of chromium (VI) can cause irritation to the nose, including nosebleeds, ulcers, and holes in the nasal septum. Ingesting large amounts of chromium (VI) can cause stomach upset and ulcers, convulsions, kidney and liver damage, and even death. Skin contact with certain chromium (VI) compounds can cause skin ulcers. Some people are extremely sensitive to... 

Qaryoute SM. 1984. Skin ulceration induced by kerosene injection. Ann Plast Surg 12(4) 361-363. 

Calcium cyanamide is severely irritating to the eyes and skin and causes skin ulceration. Sensitization dermatitis has been reported in... 

Skin and skin structure infections- Skin and skin structure infections, including abscesses, cellulitis, infected skin ulcers, and wound infections caused by S. aureus (including penicillinase-producing strains) Streptococcus pyogenes, group D streptococcus including . faecalis, Acinetobacter sp. including iA. calcoaceticus] Citrobactersp.] E. coli] Enterobacter cloacae, K. pneumoniae]... 

Among the adverse events that were reported at a rate of 3% or more and less than 20%, the following were more prominent in patients maintained on sirolimus 5 mg/day vs 2 mg/day Epistaxis, lymphocele, insomnia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (hemolytic-uremic syndrome), skin ulcer, increased LDH, hypotension, facial edema. 

Anthrax A (Bacillus anfhracis) Animals— herbivores 1-5 days No Standa d (invasive procedures should be avoided) Inhalation— fever, dry cough,resp distress, meningitis cutaneous-skin ulcer Dea h may occur about 24-36 h post exposure Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline A vaccine is available... 

Certain forms of dwarfism, type II diabetes, kidney disease, growth hormone insensitivity, cachexia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy Wound healing, skin ulcers Diabetic ulcers, wound healing... 

M ulcerans Skin ulcers Isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampin, minocycline (Surgical excision may be effective.)... 

N.A. Triterpenoid saponins, benzoic acid.100 Treat chest problems. Externally, fresh rhizome for skin ulcers. 

Since San Qi can treat bleeding due to blood stagnation, and can stop bleeding without the side effect of causing new blood stagnation, it is widely used in the treatment of trauma, wounds, skin ulcers, carbuncles, epistaxis, hematemesis, uterine... 

Secondary symptoms Generalized pain of the body, tiredness and weakness, fear of cold or having chills, scanty pus which is thin and without odor, weeping skin ulcers, an open wound with a purple or pale color, deformation of joints and atrophy of muscles. 

---