Skin and subcutaneous tissue

It is not surprising that intramuscular injection of epinephrine into the vastus lateralis produces a prompt peak plasma epinephrine concentration, because of the large size and excellent vascularization of this muscle. It is also not surprising that subcutaneous injection of epinephrine potentially leads to delayed absorption, because of the potent Ui-adrenergic agonist vasoconstrictor effects in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, as evidenced by skin blanching at the injection site [19, 20]. 

Cutaneous pain is felt in superficial structures such as the skin and subcutaneous tissues. A pin prick and a paper cut are examples of cutaneous pain. 

This disease was first observed in the mid- to late-1970s when several patients presented with recurrent bacterial infections, primarily of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, middle ear and oropharyngeal mucosa. When examined in vitro, the neutrophils from these patients had defects in chemo-taxis, phagocytosis, particle-stimulated respiratory-burst activity and granulation. Some patients also had a leukocytosis, and many had a delayed umbilical cord separation. Treatment is by prophylactic antibiotic therapy and aggressive antibiotic therapy during infections, but mortality rates are very high. 

The exogenous pathogenic cold can directly cause internal cold syndrome. After exposure to cold, rain or snow, the exogenous pathogenic cold can invade the body through skin and subcutaneous tissue, and thereafter enter the meridians and internal organs. 

B2. Bailey, E. M., Ferry, J. A., Harris, N. L., Mihm, M. C., Jr., Jacobson, J. O., and Duncan, L. M., Marginal zone lymphoma (low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type) of skin and subcutaneous tissue A study of 15 patients. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20,1011-1023 (1996). 

Pierard, G.E. EEMCO guidance to the in vivo assessment of tensile functional properties of the skin. Part 1 relevance to the structures and ageing of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 1999,12 352-62. 

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Reversible cutaneous reactions have been observed and are generally mild to moderate. Reactions are characterised by a rash including localised eruptions mainly on the feet and hands (including severe hand and foot syndrome), but also on the arms, face or thorax, and frequently associated with pruritus. Eruptions generally occur within one week after the docetaxel infusion. Severe nail disorders are characterised by hypo- or hyperpigmentation and sometimes pain and onycholysis. 

Suicidal overdose (in diabetics) is well recorded. Surgical excision of the skin and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site of an enormous dose of long-acting insulin has been used effectively. 

The skin and subcutaneous tissues normally are extremely resistant to infection but may become susceptible under certain conditions. Even when high concentrations of bacteria are applied topically or injected into the soft tissue, resulting infections are rare. Several host factors act together to confer protection against skin infections. The surface of the skin is relatively dry, has a pH of approximately 5.6, and therefore is not conducive to bacterial growth. Continuous renewal of the epidermal layer results in the shedding of kerato-cytes, as well as skin bacteria. In addition, sebaceous secretions are... 

The pathologic changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue are similar to those of scleroderma.42 Skin biopsy specimens show infiltration of inflammatory cells, extensive collagen deposition, and collagen-encased ectatic sweat glands. The inflammatory infiltrates (mainly lymphocytes and monocytes, with some eosinophils and plasma cells) are located around small blood vessels, hair follicles, eccrine glands, and nerves. The subcutaneous connective tissue shows replacement of fat cells by collagen and thickened and fibrotic septa. The superficial fascia also reveal inflammatory infiltrates.42... 

In addition to pathologic changes involving skin and subcutaneous tissue, a number of reports describe pathologic changes of deeper involvement of the fascia.4243 The inflammatory changes are often seen in the superficial fascia and in the epimysial-fascial areas.4243... 

Suster S. Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Glinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultra-structural study of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994 18 232-240. 

Banerjee SS, Agbamu DA, Eyden BP, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of skin and subcutaneous tissue. Histopathology. 1997 31 355-366. 

Collection of Tissues and Body Fluids. After exsangulnatlon, the tissues were removed In the following order subcutaneous and abdominal (omental) fat, liver, kidney, flank muscle Injection site 1 and finally. Injection site 2. The flank muscle tissue was taken from the left side, a few Inches (6-10 Inches) away from the Injection site 1. For each muscle tissue, a 10 cm (diameter) X 6 cm (depth) disc of approximately 500 g, (excluding skin and subcutaneous tissue) was taken. All tissues were removed within two hours of the sacrifice. 

Martin also describes treatment with cesium as producing remission in late-stage cancer patients. Another possibility described is a killed vaccine from the dead bacteria of the streptococcus of erysipelas. This vaccine is better known as Coley s Toxins. The genus is Streptococcus and the disease is known as erysipelas, an acute feverish condition with intense local inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The treatment can be described as a form of immunotherapy. 

Bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue can lead to rapidly spreading inflammation known as cellulitis, which requires systemic antibacterial treatment. Treatment is usually with benzylpenicillin and flucloxacillin or erythromycin. 

Lacassagne et al. (2247a) reported the tumorigenicity of dibenz[a,fi]acridine and dibenz[a,/ acridine to the skin and subcutaneous tissue of mice. The tumorigenicity of 76 other unsubstituted and substituted benzacridines was also cataloged. The authors noted ... 

Systemic antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice for cellulitis, an inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. 

The reversibility of radiation fibrosis in skin and subcutaneous tissues in response to antioxidants is supported by regression of indnration reported in a French non-randomized pilot study involving intramuscnlar administration of bovine liposomal Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), 5 mg twice weekly for 3 weeks, to 34 patients with 42 distinct zones of superficial fibrosis. Softening of snbcutaneous induration was noted in 86% of fibrotic zones, with an actuarial response rate of 70% by 5 years. Complete regressions were noted in 7 of 42 (17%) of the fibrotic zones. Supportive data are reported with topical apphcations of SOD over a period of several months in 40 patients with fibrosis after postmastectomy radiotherapy for early breast cancer. These studies were not pursued after bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was recognized and bovine products withdrawn. 

In a multicenter study of prescribing patterns and adverse reactions to remedies containing Asteraceae extracts in the German primary-care sector, such remedies were commonly used, especially in children. Most of the reactions involved the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but treatment with Asteraceae extracts was not associated with a high risk of adverse reactions [36 ]. 

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