Sinke

The analysis of the heat exchanger network first identifies sources of heat (termed hot streams) and sinks (termed cold streams) from the material and energy balance. Consider first a very simple problem with just one hot stream (heat source) and one cold stream (heat sink). The initial temperature (termed supply temperature), final temperature (termed target temperature), and enthalpy change of both streams are given in Table 6.1. 

Consider the simple flowsheet shown in Fig. 6.2. Flow rates, temperatures, and heat duties for each stream are shown. Two of the streams in Fig. 6.2 are sources of heat (hot streams) and two are sinks for heat (cold streams). Assuming that heat capacities are constant, the hot and cold streams can be extracted as given in Table 6.2. Note that the heat capacities CP are total heat capacities and... 

Fig. 6.7a. Above the pinch (in temperature terms), the process is in heat balance with the minimum hot utility Qnmin- Heat is received from hot utility, and no heat is rejected. The process acts as a heat sink. Below the pinch (in temperature terms), the process is in heat balance with the minimum cold utility Qcmin- No heat is received, but heat is rejected to cold utility. The process acts as a heat source.

The point of zero heat flow in the grand composite curve in Fig. 6.24 is the pinch. The open jaws at the top and bottom represent Hmin and Qcmin, respectively. Thus the heat sink above the pinch and heat source below the pinch can be identified as shown in Fig. 

Fundamentally, there are two possible ways to integrate a heat engine exhaust. In Fig. 6.31 the process is represented as a heat sink and heat source separated hy the pinch. Integration of the heat engine across the pinch as shown in Fig. 6.31a is coimterproductive. The process still requires QHmm, and the heat engine performs no... 

In this context, the points correspond to process and utility streams and the lines to heat exchange matches between the heat sources and heat sinks. 

Figure 13.3 shows a process represented simply as a heat sink and heat source divided hy the pinch. Figure 13.3a shows the process with an exothermic reactor integrated above the pinch. The minimum hot utility can be reduced by the heat released by reaction, Qreact-... 

Fig. 14.1a. The background process (which does not include the reboiler and condenser) is represented simply as a heat sink and heat source divided by the pinch. Heat Qreb is taken into the reboiler above pinch temperature and rejected from the condenser at a lower temperature, which is in this case below pinch temperature. Because the process sink above the pinch requires at least Q min to satisfy its...

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If compaction occurs as a result of production careful monitoring is required. The Ekofisk Field in the Norwegian North Sea made headlines when, as a result of hydrocarbon production, the pores of the fine-grained carbonate reservoir collapsed and the platforms on the seabed started to sink. The situation was later remedied by inserting steel sections into the platform legs. Compaction effects are also an issue in the Groningen gas field in Holland where subsidence in the order of one meter is expected at the surface. 

Due to the conversion process an absorbed photon give rise to less than one electron generated in the CCD. This phenomenon, also called a "quantum sink" shows that the detector is degrading the S/N ratio of the image. The quality of an image being mainly limited by the quantum noise of the absorbed gamma this effect is very important. 

If an intensifier, such as the 85 mm presented here, is now replacing the screen, a relative gain of the order of x50 is obtained which results in a conversion factor of 1 to 7.5 (1 incident X photon --> 7.5 electrons). This conversion efficiency not only resolves the quantum sink problem but also increases the light level significantly to compensate for the low gamma fluxes obtained from radioactive sources. 

A proximity focused image intensifier appears therefore as a good solution for both low and high energy applications it combines a sufficient gain to avoid noisy images due to a the quantum sink without some drawbacks of standard image intensifier. 

One can see from the formulas (1) and (2) that PT sensitivity strongly depends on the thickness of a developer s layer. But during liquid s penetration into developer s layer the powder particles are sinking and more tightly packing each other. It results in decrease of layer thickness h Physical meaning of the influence of this process upon defect s detection is obvious as follows. 

A common feature of biopolymer adsorjition is that its rate is usually one to tliree orders of magnitude smaller than the diffusion-limited rate to a perfect sink ... 

The latter contribute to the fluxes in time-varying conditions and provide source or sink terms in the presence of chemical reaction, but they have no influence on steady state diffusion or flow measurements in a non-reactive sys cem. 

After the 45 minutes heating, pour the contents of the flask into a large excess of cold water (about 300 ml.), in which the nitrobenzene, being heavier than water, sinks to the bottom. Stir the mixture vigorously in order to wash out as much acid as... 

Dissolve 5 g. (5 ml.) of aniline in 50 ml. of warm dilute sulphuric acid in a conical flask and add 50 ml. of water. Place a thermometer in the solution, immerse the flask in a mixture of ice and water, and cool until the temperature of the stirred solution falls to 5°. Dissolve 4-5 g. of powdered sodium nitrite in 20 ml. of water, and add this solution in small quantities (about 2-3 ml. at a time) to the cold aniline sulphate solution. Keep tne latter well shaken and maintain the temperature at about 5° (see p. 183). When all the sodium nitrite solution has been added, transfer about 5 ml. of the cold solution to a test-tube for each of the following reactions. The remainder of the diazonium hydrogen sulphate solution must be kept in ice-water until required, and then when all the reactions have been carried out, the solution should be poured down the sink. 

Stull, D. R. Westrum, E. F. Sinke, G. C., 1969. The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds. Wiley, New York. 

The upper outlet for water from the condenser should be above the jacket so as to ensure that the condenser is full of water. If the rubber tube, which carries the waste water to the sink, tends to kink, a short copper spiral, made by winding a length of copper wire round a glass tube, may be slipped over the end attached to the condenser. 

When the boiling point of the liquid is above 140-150°, an air condenser (Fig. II, I, 1, c) may replace the water condenser. If the liquid is inflammable, the conical flask may be replaced by a Alter or suction flask (see Fig. II, 1, 7, c), and a length of rubber tubing leading to the sink is attached to the side tubulure. 

Solvents with boiling points below 90-95°. A steam bath or water bath should be employed. Alternatively, the apparatus of Fig. 77,13, 3, but with a Alter flask as receiver, may be used the end of the rubber tubing attached to the tubulure is either placed in the sink or allowed to hang over the bench. If a distillation is ultimately to be conducted in the flask from which the solvent is removed, the apparatus depicted in Fig. 77,13, 4 is recommended the distilling flask may be replaced by a Claisen flask or a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm, particularly if the subsequent distillation is to be conducted under diminished pressure. 

CAUTION. Sodium must be handled with great care and under no circumstances may the metal be allowed to come into contact with water as a dangerous explosion may result. Sodium is stored under solvent naphtha or xylene it should not be handled with the fingers but with tongs or pincers. Waste or scrap pieces of sodium should be placed in a bottle provided for the purpose and containing solvent naphtha or xylene they should never be thrown into the sink or into the waste box. If it is desired to destroy the scrap sodium, it should be added in small portions to rather a large quantity of methylated spirit. 

The set-up of Fig. 11, 41, 3 ensures the complete condensation of the steam when a rapid flow of steam is necessary for satisfactory results, and is useful in the distillation of large volumes of liquids of low vapour pressure, such as nitrobenzene. Thus the flask A containing the mixture may be of 3-litre capacity and B may be a 1-litre flask the latter is cooled by a stream of water, which is collected in a funnel and conducted to the sink. The receiver C must be of proportionate size all stoppers... 

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