Singleton method

Same figure obtained by Berti et al., 119, using the Singleton method. 

An alternative method for estimating cr is described by Deming" and illustrated by Cvetanovic and Singleton. ... 

Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., and Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In "Methods in Enzymology, Oxidant and Antioxidants (Part A)", (L. Packer, Ed.), vol. 299 pp. 152-178. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 

The Folin-Ciocalteu assay is the most widely used method to determine the total content of food phenolics (Fleck and others 2008). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is not specific and detects all phenolic groups found in extracts, including those found in extractable proteins. A disadvantage of this assay is the interference of reducing substances, such as ascorbic acid (Singleton and others 1999). The content of phenolics is expressed as gallic acid or catechin equivalents. 

The decision can be based on the maximum of credibility or on the maximum of plausibility, which are respectively pessimistic and optimistic decision rules. Another method proposed in [28] consists to share equally the mass of a proposition between all singletons of which it is composed. The new function is a probability repartition called pignistic probability and defined as ... 

Novartis GPC spin column/HPLC ESI-MS secondary screens were run in conjunction with their primary screens to confirm the hits found in the primary screen. The method used was identical to that of the GPC spin column/HPLC ESI-MS primary screen, as described in Section 2.3.2.3, except that the hits were run as singletons in triplicate. 

Application of Singleton s method of using NMR to determine kinetic... 

In the selection of a microbial system and bioremediation method, some examination of the degradation pathway is necessary. At a minimum, the final degradation products must be tested for toxicity and other regulatory demands for closure. Recent advances in the study of microbial metabolism of xenobiotics have identified potentially toxic intermediate products (Singleton, 1994). A regulatory agency sets treatment objectives for site remediation, and process analysis must determine whether bioremediation can meet these site objectives. Specific treatment objectives for some individual compounds have been established. In other cases total petroleum hydrocarbons total benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) or total polynuclear aromatics objectives are set, while in yet others, a toxicology risk assessment must be performed. 

Singleton and Esau (I) reviewed the methods for phenol analysis of wine. They pointed out that study would be greatly advanced if one could determine the total content of phenolic substances and express it in such a way that analysis of subclasses of phenols could be related to the original total and a balance sheet could be obtained. One could then say, for example, this wine has a total phenolic content of 1200 mg/liter calculated as gallic acid, and of that total, cinnamic acid derivatives account for 200 mg/liter, anthocyanins for 300 mg/liter, other small flavonoids for 200 mg/liter, and condensed tannins complete the total with 500 mg/liter of gallic acid equivalent. To accomplish this, the total phenol analysis not only must meet ordinary criteria of reproducibility and precision, but it also must be based on chemical relationships such that fractions determined separately can be converted to units of the total. Of course when clearcut fractionation can be accomplished by... 

Method. The method of Singleton and Rossi (9) was used. Commercial samples of the compounds to be tested, generally without further purification, were accurately weighed (about 100-200 mg unless the supply was very limited), dissolved in ethanol, and diluted with water so that the final solution was 10 vol % ethanol and had a known concentration of phenol which yielded an absorbance of about 0.3 in the analysis. For incompletely soluble substances the suspension was kept dispersed, fine, and homogeneous. The analysis was essentially as published (9) ... 

Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. 1977. Total phenol analysis Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28 49-55. 

You may have noticed that both MolfileSmilesConverterAdapterA and MolfileSmilesConverterAdapterB have a private constructor and a static getlnstance() method that returns an instance of the class. Yes, this is the GoF Singleton Pattern (Gamma et al., 1995). 

Tire reason Singleton Pattern is used in these two classes is that only one instance of each is needed in tire entire JVM, because there is no instance variable in these two classes—they are stateless. Limiting the number of objects that can be created is a way to increase runtime efficiency and achieve good performance because object creation and garbage collection are two of the most expensive operations in JVM. The Singleton Pattern is implemented by creating a private constructor—this makes sure no instance of the class can be created outside the class itself, a static final instance of the class itself, and a public static method that returns the instance. As the constructor is private, none of its clients can instantiate the class directly. Instead, they have to use the public static method getlnstance() to retrieve the one and only instance of tire class. 

ParentID validator is a Singleton. Its constructor sets the length of parent id and the list of validator objects that are responsible for validating the components of the parent id—PrefixValidator and BaseValidator. Its validate method invokes the validate method in the base abstract class—LsiValidator, which iterates through the validator list, invokes their validate ) method, and makes sure there is a hyphen between prefix and base in the input. 

The EntityDictionaryDao is implemented as a Singleton by introducing a private constructor and a static getlnstance() method ... 

The class first declares a set of static variables for holding the entity dictionaries. Its private constructor and the static getlnstance() method make it a Singleton. Its load...() methods call EntityDictinaryDao to load the entity dictionaries from the data source. Let us again use personnel dictionary as an example. The code snippet of the loadPersonnel() method is as follows ... 

Edwards, R. J., Singleton, A. M., Boobis, A. R., and Davies, D. S. (1989) Cross-reaction of antibodies to coupling groups used in the production of anti-peptide antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 117, 215-220. 

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