Silver oxids

Tollens reagent An ammoniacal solution of silver oxide which is used as a lest for aldehydes, which, unlike ketones, cause the deposition of a silver mirror. 

As a furtlier example for tire meaning of ex situ investigations of emersed electrodes witli surface analytical teclmiques, results obtained for tire double layer on poly crystalline silver in alkaline solutions are presented in figure C2.10.3. This system is of scientific interest, since tliin silver oxide overlayers (tliickness up to about 5 nm) are fonned for sufficiently anodic potentials, which implies tliat tire adsorjDtion of anions, cations and water can be studied on tire clean metal as well as on an oxide covered surface [55, 56]. For tire latter situation, a changed... 

Flaul R, Floge D, Neubauer G and Zeeck U 1982 Ethene epoxidation on silver oxide surface layers Surf. Scl. 122 L622-8... 

Purdie t Methody also chiefly for hydroxy compounds. The substance is mixed with a small excess of dry silver oxide, and then shaken (or, if necessary, heated) with methyl iodide, a smooth methylation usually occurring. 

Reduction of ammoniacal silver nitrate. Place about 5 ml. of AgNOj solution in a thoroughly clean test-tube, and add 2-3 drops of dil. NaOH solution. Add dil. ammonia solution, drop by drop, until the precipitated silver oxide is almost redissolved, then add 2 - 3 drops of formaldehyde or acetaldehyde. A silver mirror is formed. 

Reduction of ammoniacal silver nitrate. Add i drop of dil. NaOH solution to about 5 ml. of AgNO, solution, and add dil. NH solution drop by drop until the silver oxide is almost redissolved. Add AgNO, solution until a faint but permanent precipitate is obtained (see p.525). Then add 0 5 ml. of a neutral tartrate solution. Place the tube in warm water a silver mirror is formed in a few minutes. 

Since the silver salts of the carboxylic acids are usually soluble in dilute nitric acid, they must be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of a neutral salt of the acid (and not the free acid itself) with silver nitrate solution. It is not practicable to attempt to neutralise the acid with sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, because the least excess of alkali would subsequently cause the white silver salt to be contaminated with brown silver oxide. The general method used therefore to obtain a neutral solution j to dissolve the acid in a small excess of ammonia solution, and then to boil the solution until all free... 

It is preferable to use Tollen s ammoniacal silver nitrate reagent, which is prepared as follows Dissolve 3 g. of silver nitrate in 30 ml. of water (solution A) and 3 g. of sodium hydroxide in 30 ml. of water (solution B). When the reagent is requir, mix equal volumes (say, 1 ml.) of solutions A and JB in a clean test-tube, and add dilute ammonia solution drop by drop until the silver oxide is just dissolved. Great care must be taken in the preparation and use of this reagent, which must not be heated. Only a small volume should be prepared just before use, any residue washed down the sink with a large quantity of water, and the test-tubes rinsed with dilute nitric acid. 

Rearrangement of the diazo ketone, with loss of nitrogen, in the presence of suitable reagents and a catalyst (colloidal silver, silver oxide, or silver nitrate in the presence of ammonia solution). An acid is formed In the presence of water, an amide results when ammonia or an amine is used, and an ester is produced in the presence of an alcohol ... 

In order to prepare an acid, a dioxan solution of the diazo ketone is added slowly to a suspension of silver oxide in a dilute solution of sodium thiosulphate Iftheco)iversion to the acid yields unsatisfactory results, it is usually advisable to prepare the ester or amide, which are generally obtained in good yields hydrolysis of the derivative gives the free acid. 

Esters of the homologous acids are prepared by adding silver oxide in portions rather than in one lot to a hot solution or suspension of the diazo ketone in an anhydrous alcohol (methyl, ethyl or n-propyl alcohol) methanol is generally used and the silver oxide is reduced to metallic silver, which usually deposits as a mirror on the sides of the flask. The production of the ester may frequently be carried out in a homogeneous medium by treating a solution of the diazo ketone in the alcohol with a solution of silver benzoate in triethylamlne. 

Introduce a solution of 15 g. of the diazo ketone in 100 ml. of dioxan dropwise and with stirring into a mixture of 2 g. of silver oxide (1), 3 g. of sodium thiosulphate and 5 g. of anhydrous sodium carbonate in 200 ml. of water at 50-60°. When the addition is complete, continue the stirring for 1 hour and raise the temperature of the mixture gradually to 90-100°. Cool the reaction mixture, dilute with water and acidify with dilute nitric acid. Filter off the a-naphthylacetic acid which separates and recrys-talhse it from water. The yield is 12 g., m.p. 130°. 

Prepare the silver oxide by adding a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide to 10 per cent, silver nitrate solution until precipitation is just complete, avoiding an excess of edkali. Wash the precipitate several times by decantation finally, Ster at the pump and wash well with water. 

Ethyl a-naphthylacetate is prepared as follows. To a solution of 10 g. of the diazo ketone in 150 ml. of ethanol at 55-60°, add a small amount of aslurry of silver oxide, prepared from 10 ml. of 10 per cent, aqueous silver nitrate and stirred with 25 ml. of ethanol. As soon as the evolution of nitrogen subsides, introduce more of the silver oxide and continue the process until all the slurry has been added. Reflux the mixture for 15 minutes, add 2-3 g. of decolourising carbon, filter and evaporate the alcohol on a water bath. Distil the residue and collect the ethyl a-naph-thylacetate at 176-178°/ 1 mm. the yield is 9 g. 

Add, with stirring, a solution of 6 8 g. of the fiis-diazo ketone in 100 ml. of warm dioxan to a suspension of 7 0 g. of freshly precipitated silver oxide in 250 ml. of water containing 11 g. of sodium thiosulphate at 75°. A brisk evolution of nitrogen occurs after 1 5 hours at 75°, filter the liquid from the black silver residue. Acidify the almost colourless filtrate with nitric acid and extract the gelatinous precipitate with ether. Evaporate the dried ethereal extract the residue of crude decane-1 10-dicarboxylic acid weighs 4 -5 g. and melts at 116-117°. RecrystaUisation from 20 per cent, aqueous acetic acid raises the m.p. to 127-128°. 

Treatment of O-silyl enols with silver oxide leads to radical coupling via silver enolates. If the carbon atom bears no substituents, two such r -synthons recombine to symmetrical 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds in good vield (Y. Ito, 1975). 

The benzyl group has been widely used for the protection of hydroxyl functions in carbohydrate and nucleotide chemistry (C.M. McCloskey, 1957 C.B. Reese, 1965 B.E. Griffin, 1966). A common benzylation procedure involves heating with neat benzyl chloride and strong bases. A milder procedure is the reaction in DMF solution at room temperatiue with the aid of silver oxide (E. Reinefeld, 1971). Benzyl ethers are not affected by hydroxides and are stable towards oxidants (e.g. periodate, lead tetraacetate), LiAIH, amd weak acids. They are, however, readily cleaved in neutral solution at room temperature by palladium-catalyzed bydrogenolysis (S. Tejima, 1963) or by sodium in liquid ammonia or alcohols (E.J. Rcist, 1964). 

Thiazol-2-yl radicals have also been generated by silver oxide oxidation of thiazol-2-ylhydrazine in various aromatic solvents (Scheme 69). The... 

The halide anion of quaternary ammonium iodides may be replaced by hydroxide by treatment with an aqueous slurry of silver oxide Silver iodide precipitates and a solu tion of the quaternary ammonium hydroxide is formed... 

Quaternary ammonium iodide Silver oxide Water Quaternary ammonium hydroxide Silver iodide... 

Ethers are formed under conditions of the Williamson ether synthesis Methyl ethers of carbohydrates are efficiently prepared by alkylation with methyl iodide m the presence of silver oxide... 

The structure of compound A was established in part by converting it to known compounds Treat ment of A with excess methyl iodide in the presence of silver oxide followed by hydrolysis with dilute hydrochlonc acid gave a tnmethyl ether of D galactose Companng this trimethyl ether with known trimethyl ethers of D galactose allowed the structure of compound A to be deduced... 

Bronze disease necessitates immediate action to halt the process and remove the cause. For a long time, stabilization was sought by removal of the cuprous chloride by immersing the object in a solution of sodium sesquicarbonate. This process was, however, extremely time-consuming, frequentiy unsuccesshil, and often the cause of unpleasant discolorations of the patina. Objects affected by bronze disease are mostiy treated by immersion in, or surface appHcation of, 1 H-henzotriazole [95-14-7] C H N, a corrosion inhibitor for copper. A localized treatment is the excavation of cuprous chloride from the affected area until bare metal is obtained, followed by appHcation of moist, freshly precipitated silver oxide which serves to stabilize the chloride by formation of silver chloride. Subsequent storage in very dry conditions is generally recommended to prevent recurrence. 

Sahcylaldehyde is readily oxidized, however, to sahcyhc acid by reaction with solutions of potassium permanganate, or aqueous silver oxide suspension. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde can be oxidized to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with aqueous silver nitrate (44). Organic peracids, in basic organic solvents, can also be used for these transformations into benzoic acids (45). Another type of oxidation is the reaction of sahcylaldehyde with alkaline potassium persulfate, which yields 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (46). 

Alkyl hahdes in the presence of silver oxide react with alkyl malates to yield alkoxy derivatives of succinic acid, eg, 2-ethoxysuccinic acid, H00CCH2CH(0C2H )C00H (12,13). A synthetic approach to produce ethers of malic acid is the reaction of malic esters and sodium alkoxides which affords 2-alkoxysuccinic esters (14). 

Fig. 12. A possible mechanism for the dye-induced photooxidation of a silver center, x represents the distance across a silver haUde surface to which aggregated dye molecules are adsorbed. Steps 1, 4, and 5 represent the photohole (Q) formation, photohole migration, and silver oxidation processes which can ultimately lead to the total regression of the silver aggregate ( ) represents an energy state occupied by an electron.

An important mode of oxidation for -phenylenediamines is the formation of ben2oquinonediimines, easily obtained by oxidation with silver oxide in ether solution (17). DHmines undergo 1,4 additions with amines to generate tri- and tetraamines which readily oxidi2e in air to highly conjugated, colored products. An example of this is the formation of Bandrowski s base [20048-27-5] when -phenylenediamine is oxidi2ed with potassium ferricyanide (18). 

Synthesis by oxidation remains the first choice for commercial and laboratory preparation of quinones the starting material (1) provided the generic name quinone. This simple, descriptive nomenclature has been abandoned by Chemicaly hstracts, but remains widely used (2). The systematic name for (2) is 2,5-cyclohexadiene-l,4-dione. Several examples of quinone synonyms are given in Table 1. Common names are used in this article. 1,2-Benzoquinone (3,5-cydohexadiene-l,2-dione) (3) is also prepared by oxidation, often with freshly prepared silver oxide (3). Compounds related to (3) must be prepared using mild conditions because of their great sensitivity to both electrophiles and nucleophiles (4,5). 

In small-scale syntheses, a wide variety of oxidants have been employed in the preparation of quinones from phenols. Of these reagents, chromic acid, ferric ion, and silver oxide show outstanding usefulness in the oxidation of hydroquinones. Thallium (ITT) triduoroacetate converts 4-halo- or 4-/ f2 -butylphenols to l,4-ben2oquinones in high yield (110). For example, 2-bromo-3-methyl-5-/-butyl-l,4-ben2oquinone [25441-20-3] (107) has been made by this route. 

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