Silver bioaccumulation

Calabrese, A., J.R. Maclnnes, D.A. Nelson, R. A. Greig, and P.P. Yevich. 1984. Effects of long-term exposure to silver or copper on growth, bioaccumulation and histopathology in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res. 11 253-274. 

Berthet, B., J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, M. Martoja, and A.Y. Jeantet. 1992. Bioaccumulation, toxicity and physico-chemical speciation of silver in bivalve molluscs ecotoxicological and health consequences. Sci. Total Environ. 125 97-122. 

Fisher, N.S., W. Wang, J.R. Reinfelder, and S.N. Luoma. 1994. Bioaccumulation of silver in marine bivalves. Pages 139-140 in A.W. Andren, T.W. Bober, J.R. Kramer, A. Sodergren, E.A. Crecelius, S.N. Luoma, and J.H. Rodgers (organizers). Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment. 3rd International Conference. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference. Univ. Wisconsin Sea Grant Inst., Madison, WI. 

Hirsch, M.P. 1998b. Bioaccumulation of silver from laboratory-spiked sediments in the oligochaete (Lumbric-ulus variegatus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 605-609. 

Ratte, H.T. 1999. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver compounds a review. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 89-108. 

The discovery that microbial dechlorination of PCBs was occurring in many aquatic sediments brought the hope that this process would provide a natural means of remediation [371,451]. Dechlorination decreases the bioaccumulation potential of PCBs by making them more degradable and is expected to decrease the potential toxicity of PCBs [2,34,105,371,451-453]. Extensive microbial dechlorination of PCBs has occurred in some aquatic sediments including those of the Hudson River (NY) and Silver Lake (Pittsfield, MA) [371]. 

The RoHS Directive was a major catalyst for research and adoption of lead-free solutions in electronic equipment. Alternatives to lead in soldering range from tin (Sn), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) to bismuth (Bi) and zinc (Zn). These heavy metals do not have the same toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of lead (Pb). ... 

Metals frequently occurring in the state s waste streams include cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, barium, nickel, antimony, beryllium, mercury, vanadium, cobalt, silver, and selenium. These metals are toxic to humans and other organisms, are persistent in the environment, and can bioaccumulate in food chains. They are typically used by businesses in many industrial categories, as shown in Table 2.1-1. 

Data on the potential for accumulation of silver has been studied in several aquatic species. Several of these studies do not conform to current bioconcentration test procedures in terms of numbers of fish, duration of exposure, and measurement of concentrations in aquaria. EPA (1980a) reported a bioconcentration factor of less than I in bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed to silver nitrate for 28 days. Approximate bioaccumulation factors of 4-6 for bluegill were calculated based on a 6-month study and 2-10 for large mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to silver nitrate for 4 months (both dry weight) (Coleman and Cearley 1974). 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. The data available indicate that silver can bioconcentrate to a limited extent in algae, mussels, clams, and other aquatic organisms. However, many of the studies that were performed do not conform to the current state of the art in terms of sample size, duration, and analysis of contaminant levels in aquaria. Reliable data would be useful in determining the possibility of biomagnification and in defining pathways for general population exposure, as well as in estimating exposures from NPL site contamination. 

Charley RC, Bull AT. 1979. Bioaccumulation of silver by a multispecies community of bacteria. Arch Microbiol 123 239-244. 

Boisson, F., M.G.J. Hard, S.W. Fowler, and C. Amiard-Triquet. 1998. Influence of chronic exposure to silver and mercury in the field on the bioaccumulation potential of the bivalve Macoma balthica. Mar. Environ. Res. 45 325-340. 

In 26 samples of mushrooms collected in a park forest in Hungary, four were found to contain 110mAg, besides 40K and 137Cs, emitted from a PWR-type power plant. It has been suggested197,198 that these mushrooms bioaccumulate silver selectively and that Macrolepiota species could be used as suitable tools indicating the presence of 100mAg. The mushroom—soil transfer factor can reach199 a value of 500-1000. 

Chen, J., Xie, P., Zhang, D., Ke, Z. and Yang, H. In situ studies on the bioaccumulation of microcystins in the planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) stocked in Lake Taihu with dense toxic Mycrocystis blooms. Aquaculture, 261(3), 1026, 2006. 

Blaster and collaborators have analyzed the interactions of silver nanoparticies released from plastics and textiles with the ecosystem in the Rhine river. As a result of their work it was established that silver nanoperticles have been absorbed by the mud and sewage, which risks its spread onto agricultural fields, which in turn can lead to bioaccumulation and toxicological threat (Blaster et al., 2008). 

Cai Y, Rooker JR, GiU GA, Turner JP (2007) Bioaccumulation of mercury in pelagic fishes from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 64 458-469 Carrasco L, Dfez S, Soto D, Catalan J, Bayona J (2008) Assessment of mercury and methylmer-cury pollution with zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Ebro River (NE Spain) impacted by industrial hazardous dumps. Sci Total Environ 407 178-184 Carre6n-Martfnez LB, Huerta-Dfaz MA, Nava-Lopez C, Sequeiros-Valencia A (2001) Mercury and silver concentrations in sediments from the Port of Ensenada, Baja Califomia, Mexico. Mar PoUut Bull 42 415-418... 

R C Charley and A T Bull, Bioaccumulation of silver by a multispecies population of bacteria ,. drcA Microbiol., 1979123 239-244. 

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