Marine bivalves

The problem of Paralytic Shellfish Poison as a hazard to human health and life resulting from the consumption of bivalve marine molluscs that have ingested certain toxic dinoflagellates is well known. 

Figure 2. Wood attacked by some insects and marine borers. Key A, oak flooring by subterranean termites B, cross section of albizzia board by drywood termites (chamber walls within board are unattacked wood) C, cuangare by anobiid beetle D, white pine by a longhorn beetle , yellow pine by a bivalve marine borer ("Teredo sp.) and F, Douglas-fir by an isopod marine borer ( Limnoria sp.). Board...

Prote, C. et al.. The Aegean Sea Oil Spill one year after Petroleum hydrocarbons and biochemical responses in Marine Bivalves, Marine Environmental Research, 42, 1996, 404-405. 

TORREILLES J, GUERIN M c, ROCH p (1996), Esphces oxygdnfies reactives et systhmes de defense des bivalves marins. CR Acad Sci Paris, 319,209-218. 

Thomann RV, Mahoney JD, Mueller R. 1995. Steady-state model of biota sediment accumulation factor for metals in two marine bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 1989-1998. 

Figure 7. Excess activity versus depth (left) and X-radiograph (right) in a sediment core collected from the New York Bight, showing the importance of mixing by benthic fauna in the upper part of the seabed. Abundant individnals of the small bivalve Nucula proximo may be seen in the X-radiograph near the sediment-water interface, and the light-colored areas represent bnrrows of Nephtys sp. and Ceriantheopsis sp. Reprinted from Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (formerly Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science) Vol. 9, Cochran and Aller, pp. 739-747, 1979, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Devi, V.U. 1996. Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of cadmium on marine fouling dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Rccluz). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 47-53. 

Bordin, G., J. McCourt, and A. Rodriguez. 1994. Trace metals in the marine bivalve Macoma balthica in the Westerschelde estuary, the Netherlands. Part 2 intracellular partitioning of copper, cadmium, zinc and iron — variations of the cytoplasmic metal concentrations in natural and in vitro contaminated clams. Sci. Total Environ. 151 113-124. 

Roper, D.S. and C.W. Hickey. 1994. Behavioural responses of the marine bivalve Macoma Uliana exposed to copper- and chlordane-dosed sediments. Mar. Biol. 118 673-680. 

In aquatic environments, waterborne lead was the most toxic form. Adverse effects were noted on daphnid reproduction at 1.0 pg Pb+2/L, on rainbow trout survival at 3.5 pg tetraethyllead/L, and on growth of marine algae at 5.1 pg Pb+2/L. High bioconcentration factors were recorded for filter-feeding bivalve molluscs and freshwater algae at 5.0 pg Pb+2/L. 

Fisher, N.S., W. Wang, J.R. Reinfelder, and S.N. Luoma. 1994. Bioaccumulation of silver in marine bivalves. Pages 139-140 in A.W. Andren, T.W. Bober, J.R. Kramer, A. Sodergren, E.A. Crecelius, S.N. Luoma, and J.H. Rodgers (organizers). Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment. 3rd International Conference. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference. Univ. Wisconsin Sea Grant Inst., Madison, WI. 

Thurberg, F.P., A. Calabrese, and M.A. Dawson. 1974. Effects of silver on oxygen consumption of bivalves at various salinities. Pages 67-78 in F.J. Vemberg and W.B. Vemberg (eds.). Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. Academic Press, NY. 

Valkirs, A.O., B.M. Davidson, and P.F. Seligman. 1987. Sublethal growth effects and mortality to marine bivalves from long-term exposure to tributyltin. Chemosphere 16 201-220. 

Pentachlorophenol was found at high concentrations in all samples of sediments, waters, and biota collected near industrial facilities that used PCP as a wood preservative (Niimi and Cho 1983 Oikari and Kukkonen 1988) (Table 23.3). Fish can bioconcentrate PCP from water up to 10,000 times (Fox and Joshi 1984). However, similar concentrations were measured in blue mussel, Mytilus edulis (Folke and Birklund 1986), and softshell clam, Mya arenaria (Butte et al. 1985), from the vicinity of PCP-contaminated wastewater discharges as well as from more distant collection sites. Thus, PCP bioaccumulation in marine bivalve molluscs does not appear to be dose related. 

Dunn, B.P. 1980. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments, bivalves, and seaweeds analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pages 367-377 in A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

MARINE MOLLUSCS Bivalves, California, 1984-1986, soft parts Clam, Corbicula sp. 5.4-11.5 DW 34... 

Wootton, E. C., Dyrynda, E. A. and Ratcliffe, N. A. Bivalve immunity comparisons between the marine mussel (Mytius edulis), the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the razor shell (Ensis siliqua), Fish Shellfish Immunol., 15, 195, 2003. 

Figure 5. Digestion strategies in molluscs. Modified from [68] Decho, A. W. and Luoma, S. N. (1996) Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves in Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 568-572. Reproduced with permission...

Owen, G. (1970). The fine structure of the digestive tubules of the marine bivalve Cardium edule, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B., 258, 245-260. 

---