Weaving machine

Moreover, the novel describes a real period of surplus of thread before the arrival of weaving machines. So Marner, like other hand-weavers of his era, can actually overproduce to productive ends. Yet this kind of unbridled production will not be possible a few decades later, suggesting that one should read the novel in a precise realist manner, intimately tied to the land. For instance, the fact that Marner lives next to stone pits is both symbolic and realistic. The dwarf lives in a furnace (volcano, like Vulcan), or hollow stone. But the very doorway to this abode is also the opening to the furnace. Since the furnace is built over the ore pit, the metal, and therefore the dwarf, is often said to live under a stone (Dieterle 5). There is a primary relation between stones and metals that goes back very far in time, prior to industrialization. This antiquity is evoked in alchemical thought. 

Different yarns of different physical and mechanical properties can be woven into the same fabric by adding creel behind the weaving machine or by adjusting filling yarn feeders. 

Weaving machines were first "programmed" by punched-card systems (the Jacquard49 process, 1801). The compilation of census data on 80-column punched Hollerith50 cards became possible in 1886, and speed up the 1890 US census. Assorted card-punches, card-readers, and card-sorters were later commercialized by the Computing Tabulating Recording Company (formed... 

Weaving or knitting Weaving machines Knitting machines Quahty control machinery Electricity... 

By comparison, heavy duty belt filters may require fabrics up to 8 m in width. For these purposes the warps usually consist of a series of precision wound minibeams or spools which, after preparation, are mounted on a common let-off shaft on the weaving machine. The latter are, of necessity, extranely robust in construction, being similar in style to the equipment normally employed in paper-machine fabric manufacture. 

Although the weft insertion on these heavy duty machines may also be by rapier, for the wider looms insertion by conventional shuttle or projectile shuttle is more common. Furthermore, with weft insertion rates approximately 66% lower than the narrower, more conventional weaving machines, productivity is not particularly high. 

Weaving Machine knitting with needles with hooks Fleece formation dry wet... 

One particular type of weaving machine, the water jet loom, produces waste-water as weU as air pollution from drying operations. Generally the water from water jet weaving and from vacnum extraction prior to drying is filtered and recycled. 

Processes using a network of rods—metallic wire rods set in thick pierced plates are used to simulate the longitudinal direction of the weave. The first process stage is on a weaving machine, when yarns are inserted between the rods in the Z direction accompanied by... 

Fukuta et al. (1982) described a direct method in which the axial (T) yams are positioned through a rectangular, perforated comber-board and then the X and Z yams are inserted between the Y yams. There is no interlacing, and the process is slow. The direct method described by Stover et al. (1971) looks more like a weaving machine. Neither has survived. 

The design of 3D weaves is more complicated than for 2D weaves, but a program. Weave Engineer, based on mathematical principles by Chen et al. (1996), is available from TexEng Software Ltd. It is easy to use in a series of steps. A typical output, which can be used as input to the control software of a weaving machine, is shown in Figure 12. 

The 3D noncrimp orthogonal weaving (3DNCOW) process can be realized either on the specialty 3D orthogonal weaving machines or (with some limitations regarding the maximum possible number of warp layers) on the specially modified 2D... 

Figure 2.6 The weaving zone photograph of one of 3TEX s 3D orthogonal weaving machines. From Bogdanovich and Mohamed (2009).

This t q)e of fabric preforms can be produced either on the specialty weaving machines or (in limited thicknesses) on conventional 2D weaving looms both these machine types are fully automated and have been already used for industrial-scale fabric production. 

As mentioned before. North Carolina State University in the first place, and then 3TEX, Inc., have designed and built several generations of fully automated specialty 3D weaving machines for 3DNCOW fabric production. All those machines were equipped with a specialty electronic control systems and associated specialty fabric design tools. 

The vast majority of woven textiles are two dimensimial, and therefore they can easily be taken up at the weaving machine by a system of breast beams and wound to a fabric beam. In contrast, plenty of applications require a three-dimensional geometry of a woven fabric, which can be specified as a kind of shell, having little wall thickness and a large curvilinear surface area. Those fabrics are not only used for clothes. Large quantities of home textiles and technical textiles also require processing of two-dimensional fabrics to final three-dimensional shell type products. 

A third option to shape a woven fabric is the relocation of shaping into the weaving machine, which means that a three-dimensional and seamless shell is created directly by a weaving process. For this purpose, particular weave designs and specific machine devices have been invented, tested and used since the end of the nineteenth century. This chapter explains why and how three-dimensional shells are woven with standard and with specialized machines, how computer-aided design (CAD) software is used to design and simulate those fabrics, which weave design is used and which properties and applications are known. 

Only few years later, fabric tire cord reinforcements motivated others to create directly and seamless woven shapes at weaving machines. Thomas and WiUiam Caldwell from Bolton, England, designed 1900 a take-up drum with increased diameter in... 

Conventional standard weaving machines can create this type of shell three-dimensional woven fabric, if two layers are woven with areas of hollow and other areas of non-hoUow fabric. To avoid the potential danger of recoding fabric parts, a double-layer fabric should completed at the non-hollow zones with a long floating single-layer weave or with another double-layer weave having joints of warp ends or weft threads between the two layers. 

Figure 4.9 Double-layer fabric design with partial hollow and joint zones. Left weaving machine, right design of hollow and joint double-layer fabric zones.

A change of size or shell geometry requires another beam size or beam shape and subsequently in addition to beam manufacture costs a certain downtime and setup of the weaving machine. 

For more than 100 years, people have developed devices and processes to create shell geometries of woven fabrics directly at the weaving machine. Whereas first applications were corsets and hats, later developments were focused more and more on technical textiles. Especially fibre-reinforced materials have accelerated 3D shell fabric progress because processing of the fibre reinforcement as a 3D preform promises cost effectiveness and quality advances compared to 2D fabrics. 

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