Sickle cell disease/anemia acute

Therapy for sickle cell disease has changed dramatically since the mid-1990s. Prior to the 1980s therapeutic interventions for sickle cell disease consisted of supportive care during acute illness, opioids for pain management, and occasional transfusions for severe anemia or life-threatening complications. At that time, sickle cell disease was considered a pediatric disease as there were few children who survived into adulthood. In 1986, the Penicillin Prophylaxis Study was conducted, providing evidence that early intervention with penicillin prevented... 

Favorable results of exchange transfusion in a variety of diseases in adults, for example sickle cell disease, severe clotting disorders, hepatic failure, and acute hemolytic transfusion reactions, have been published (1). Today, however, machine apheresis procedures are more effective and safer for patients requiring exchange of cellular elements or plasma. Exchange transfusion is the most effective therapeutic procedure in the treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Bilirubin removal prevents damage to the central nervous system caused by hyperbilirubinemia. In addition, sensitized erythrocytes are replaced by normally surviving cells and anemia is corrected. 

The cost to society of sickle cell disease is high in terms of human suffering and in the financial burden of providing treatment to alleviate the pain and symptoms of the afflicted individnals and the loss of income to the individnals and their families and communities. Health problems due to sickle cell disease include chronic anemia, vaso-occlnsive crises, splenic sequestration, acute chest syndrome, stroke, splenic and renal dysfunction, and snsceptibility to bacterial infections (2,5,12). In Africa, treatments for sickle cell disease are limited... 

The Acute Phase focuses on eliminating the use of illicit opioids for at least 24 hours and eliminating the abuse of other psychoactive substances. This phase looks into alcohol and drug use, any medical concerns such as infectious diseases, sickle cell anemia, or surgical needs, psychiatric disorders, basic living issues, therapeutic relationship, and motivation. 

Furthermore, a large-scale of intraabdominal or extraabdominal disorders can cause acute abdominal pain. Intraabdominal causes may have a genitourinary (urinary tract infection, ovarian torsion) or biliopancreatic origin (colecistitis, pancreatitis, etc.). Extraabdominal causes include abdominal pain referred from non-abdominal organs (pneumonia, discitis) and abdominal pain related to a systemic disease, such as diabetic acidosis, hypothyroidism, lead metals poisoning, sickle cell anemia, and porphyria. Fortunately, these different causes... 

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