Shrinking government

A kinetics study was performed to examine the rate-controlling steps in a gas-solid reaction governed by the shrinking-core model ... 

A combination of escalating demand and shrinking supply clearly poses a risk of substantial excess demand for vaccines. In principle, there are two ways in which policy makers can help eliminate this excess demand and promote a more efficient allocation of resources to the vaccine industry. First, the government can become a developer and producer of vaccines, as contemplated in the National Vaccine Authority Act. The second way is to allow vaccine prices to adjust to market-clearing levels. 

Reaction to these trends is then governed by some sort of expert system. The Shrinking Horizon Process Model developed by Joseph and Thomas (Chap. 9) uses similar concepts, but recognizes that control options decrease as the run progresses. 

Ostry, Sylvia (1990). Governments and Corporations in a Shrinking World—Trade and Innovation Policies in the United States, Europe and Japan. New York Council on Foreign Relations. 

During times of shrinking nondefense federal research dollars, the motivations for partnering become more complex, driven at times by a desire simply to survive. In the field of catalysis, this drive for survival is especially keen. Federal spending on catalysis research has decreased consistently for many years. International government investment in catalysis research has made the global market for Indus-... 

Catalysts in the Earth s atmosphere are causing troubles. They are causing the ozone layer to break down. Ozone protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Chlorine is a catalyst in the upper atmosphere. The chlorine comes from chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, released into the atmosphere. Chlorine allows ozone to break down into oxygen. The chlorine remains and keeps destroying ozone. This has caused a hole in the ozone layer. Governments around the world have banned the production of CFCs. This hole in the ozone now appears to be shrinking. We must continue to protect the ozone layer by reducing pollution around the world. Some scientists believe the ozone layer could return to normal levels by 2075. 

In chapter 3.2 we obtained multiple steady states (three states) for this problem for the values of the parameters = 0.2, p = 0.8 and y = 20. Solve this transient problem using numerical method of lines for two different initial conditions u(x,0) = 1 and u(x,0) = 0 What do you observe Can you obtain all the three steady states discussed in example 3.2.2 Consider the shrinking core problem discussed in example 5.2.6. Redo this problem if the particle is rectangular instead of spherical. The governing equations are ... 

Overall, therefore, the available literature supports the generally held view that the durability of UF-bonded wood products is governed by the susceptibility of cured UF resin bonds to scission by both hydrolysis and swell/shrink stresses. Note, moreover, that in either case, the most likely product of scission will ultimately be formaldehyde and further that mechanical stress enhances the rates of many chemical reactions (37). In fact, simplistic calculations based on formaldehyde liberated from bond ruptures at least indicate the possibility that formaldehyde from swell/shrink stress rupture could contribute significantly to total emission. Assume, for example, that board failure occurs due to rupture of one chemical bond type which liberates one molecule of formaldehyde and consider two cases (a) a conservative one in which only 5 percent of those bonds rupture in 50 years, i.e., probable board durability greater that 50 years, and (b) a much less conservative case in which 30 percent of those bonds rupture in 20 years, i.e., probably failure in 20 years or less. Case (a) leads to a first order scission rate constant of 3.3 x 10 s and a hypothetical board emission rate (see Appendix 3a) that is below the maximum liberation rate permitted by the German E-1 standard (7). However, Case (b) leads to a first order scission rate constant of 5.7 x 10 s and a hypothetical board emission rate above that allowed by the HUD standard (8). (FormaIdehyde-wood interactions and diffusion effects would... 

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