Short synthetic fibers

There are many fibers of S3mthetic origin, most of them spun or extrusion-drawn semicrystalline polymers (e.g., polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters), which are not used as fillers for polymers. The main reason is that, for a material to play a potential reinforcement role as a filler for polymer, large differences in certain key properties must exist between the filler and the polymer matrix. It follows that only three types (or classes) of fibrous products can be considered as valid short synthetic fibers candidates for polymer reinforcement glass fibers, carbon fibers and aramid fibers. 

Glass fibers of control diameter (in the 10 pm range) are produced by melt spinning techniques, essentially by pushing a molten glass of appropriate 

Silica grade Type Nj (BET) Specific Area (mVg) Dispersive Component y i (mj/m ) Polar Component y p (mj/m ) IGC Test Conditions Source 

At 150°C with heptane for dispersive component benzene for polar component. 

Ultrasil and Aerosil are Evonik trade marks for precipitated and fumed silica Cab-O-Sil is Cabot trade mark for fumed silica. 

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Typical Properties of (Short) Synthetic Fibers Compiled from Various Sources (Manufacturers Data Sheets, Scientific Publications)... 

AH synthetic fibers are produced as continuous filaments, either as yams or tows. Yams are fine enough to be woven or knitted direcdy, but caimot be intimately blended with other fibers on the principal conversion systems used for cotton or wool. For these processes, staple fibers, made by cutting the much larger tows into short lengths, are needed. Tows can also be stretch broken into sHvers or tops, which can then be drawn out and twisted into spun-yams. 

Dry-Laid Pulp. A principal objective of using air to form webs from natural and synthetic fiber pulps is to produce relatively lofty, porous stmctures from short fibers, without using water. Early technical developments in air-laid pulp processing were made by Kroyer in Denmark. 

Naturally occurring fibers such as cotton, cellulose, etc., have short whiskers protruding from the surface, which help to give a physical bond when mixed with rubber. Glass, nylon, polyester, and rayon have smooth surfaces and adhesion of these fibers to the rubber matrix is comparatively poor. In addition, these synthetic fibers have chemically unreactive surfaces, which must be treated to enable a bond to form with the mbber. In general, the fibers are dipped in adhesives in the latex form and this technology is the most common one used for continuous fibers. The adhesion between elastomers and fibers was discussed by Kubo [128]. Hisaki et al. [129] and Kubo [130] proposed a... 

Wallace Carothers and coworkers at DuPont synthesized aliphatic polyesters in the 1930s [Furukawa, 1998 Hounshell and Smith, 1988]. These had melting points below 100°C, which made them unsuitable for firber use. Carothers then turned successfully to polyamides, based on the theoretical consideration that amides melt higher than esters. Polyamides were the first synthetic fibers to be produced commercially. The polyester and polyamide research at DuPont had a major impact on all of polymer science. Carothers laid the foundation for much of our understanding of how to synthesize polymeric materials. Out of that work came other discoveries in the late 1930s, including neoprene, an elastomer produced from chloro-prene, and Teflon, produced from tetrafluoroethylene. The initial commercial application for nylon 6/6 was women s hosiery, but this was short-lived with the intrusion of World War II. The entire nylon 6/6 production was allocated to the war effort in applications for parachutes, tire cord, sewing thread, and rope. The civilian applications for nylon products burst forth and expanded rapidly after the war. 

CNC Soft G-1 is a subtstantive cationic softener which imparts a soft, slick hand to synthetic fibers, but particularly for acrylics such as orIon, acrilan, etc. CNC SOFT G-1 can be applied from long or short baths in such equipment as becks, paddle and package machines. CNC SOFT G-1 is cold water soluble and can be added directly to the finish bath. 

In 1944, both Natural a Synthetic Fibers 209) and Textile Technology Digest 214) were started. The former, edited by Harris and Mark, is a loose-leaf literature and patent service with full abstracts of selected articles. The latter, compiled by the Institute of Textile Technology, has relatively short abstracts and covers leading textile journals. 

To be of any praetieal use, an object made from a polymeric material must be able to retain its shape when subjected to even small tensions or compressions over long pmods of time. This dimensional stabiUty is an important consideration in choosing a polymer for use in the manufacture of an item. No one wants a plastic telephone reedver that sags after sitting in its cradle for several weeks, or a car tire that develops a flat spot if parked in one position for too long, or clothes made from synthetic fibers that become baggy and deformed after short periods of wear. Creep tests provide a measure of this tendency to deform and are relatively easy to carry out. 

Fiber, rayon The generic term for fibers, staples, and continuous filament yarns composed of regenerated cellulose but also frequently used to describe fibers obtained from cellulose acetate or cellulose triacetate. Rayon fibers are similar in chemical structure to natural cellulose fibers (cotton) except that the synthetic fiber contains short plastic units. Most rayon is made using the viscose process. 

Eulaliopsis binata fiber-reinforced polymer composites are more eco-friendly and cost effective compared to the traditional synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. The aim of the present work was to study the reinforcing potential of the Euiaiiopsis binata fibers in the short fiber form. The mechanical performance of these Euiaiiopsis binata fiber polymer composites was found to be higher than that of the pure polymer. However challenges still exist In further improving the mechanical properties of these composites to make them competitive to their synthetic counterparts. 

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