Short and Long-Term Behavior

Mosallam, A.S, Short and long-term behavior of a pultruded fiber reinforced... 

This equation, due to Higbie, was originally derived to describe mass transfer between rising gas bubbles and a surrounding liquid Tran. AIChE, 31,368 [1935]). It applies quite generally to situations where the contact time between the phases is short and the penetration (or depletion) depth is so small that transfer may be viewed as taking place from a plant to a semiinfinite domain. In Section 4.1.2.3 we will provide a quantitative criterion for this approach, which is also referred to as the Penetration Theory. It also describes both the short- and long-term behavior in diffusion between a plane and a semi-infinite space, and we used this property in Chapter 1, Table 1.4, to help us set upper and lower bounds to mass transfer coefficients and "film" thickness Zp j. 

Differences in behavior between polycrystalline and single-crystal CdSe electrodes in polysulfide PEC involving the short- and long-term changes in photovoltage and photocurrents have been discussed by Cahen et al. [88], on the basis of XPS studies, which verified the occurrence of S/Se substitution in these electrodes when immersed in polysulfide solution, especially under illumination. The presence of a thin (several nanometers) layer of CdS on top of the CdSe was shown to influence... 

Firms in the oligopoly environment are motivated and influenced by a set of outside forces that represent carrots and sticks— technological, economic, and sociopolitical. To succeed in this environment, firms must develop patterns of behavior for both short- and long-term survival. We discuss and analyze these forces and the resulting patterns of behavior in this chapter. 

Biomedical materials include metals, ceramics, natural polymers (biopolymers), and synthetic polymers of simple or complex chemical and/or physical structure. This volume addresses, to a large measure, fundamental research on phenomena related to the use of synthetic polymers as blood-compatible biomaterials. Relevant research stems from major efforts to investigate clotting phenomena related to the response of blood in contact with polymeric surfaces, and to develop systems with nonthrombogenic behavior in short- and long-term applications. These systems can be used as implants or replacements, and they include artificial hearts, lung oxygenators, hemodialysis systems, artificial blood vessels, artificial pancreas, catheters, etc. 

What does all this mean for the future of the detergents enterprise How will advances in research and development affect future development in detergent production, formulation, applications, marketing, consumption, and relevant human behavior as well as the short- and long-term... 

Due to differences in the physical and mechanical behavior of FRP materials compared to steel, unique test methods for FRP bars and laminates are required. This guide provides model test methods for the short- and long-term mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and durability testing of FRP bars and laminates. It is anticipated that these model test methods may be considered, modified, and adopted, either in whole or in part, by a U.S. national standards-writing agency such as ASTM International or AASHTO. The publication of these test methods by ACI Committee 440 is an effort to aid in this adoption. The recommended test methods are based on the knowledge gained worldwide from the review of research results and the literature. 

As a proof of the validity of the prediction, in Figure 18 we show the stress shift factor Oa as a fimction of the stress level a. The continuous curve with asterisks has been calculated using all experimental results available, that is 9 sets for 9 stress levels. The broken line with open circles is based on two extreme sets of results only, for 10 J/cm and 50 J/cm, the same as seen as points in Figure 17. Both curves have been obtained from experimental data via equation 29. We see that the differences are small. The values calculated from two stress levels deviate from those based on the full set on the average by 0.73% (68). Thus, not only prediction of reliability and long-term behavior from short-term tests seems possible for many polymer-based materials. The amount of experimental data needed for the prediction is lower than widely believed. 

As discussed iu Section 2.16, dynamic mechanical analysis offers an enhanced means of evaluating the performance of polymeric systems at elevated temperatures. It provides a complete profile of modulus versus temperatures, as well as measurement of mechanical damping. Operating in the creep mode and coupled with the careful use of time-temperature superpositioning, projections can be made regarding the long-term time-dependent behavior under constant load. This provides a much more realistic evaluation of the short- and long-term capabilities of a resin system. 

Assessment endpoints have often included those listed in Table 2.4 the endpoints considered in a risk assessment may depend on the nature of the substance and the applicable regulatory regime, among other factors, and can include effects other than those tabulated (e.g., see [82]). Table 2.4 also includes environmental behaviors relevant to short- and long-term exposure that may be considered during the risk assessment. 

This chapter has thus far dealt with the behavior of plastics and composites during short-and long-term loading conditions. As with any material, the properties obtained under... 

Toxic leadership is a combination of self-attitudes, motivations, and behaviors that have adverse effects on subordinates, the organization, and mission performance. This leader lacks concern for others and the climate of the organization, which leads to short- and long-term negative effects. The toxic leader operates with an inflated sense of self-worth and from acute self-interest. Toxic leaders consistently use dysfunctional behaviors to deceive, intimidate, coerce, or unfairly punish others to get what they want for themselves (Army Leadership, ADP 6-22, 2012). 

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