Shooting data

Some type of portable background is often desirable when shooting data in the field. A light colored pastel cloth will usually give better results than black or white. 

Table I. Shooting Data, First Shot, Small Five-Spot Pattern, Green River Site 1...

Hsieh J, Londt J, Vass M, Li J, Tang X, Okerlund D (2006) Step-and-shoot data acquisition and reconstruction for cardiac x-ray computed tomography. Med Phys 33 4236-4248... 

When the data have been screened and performance calculated, don t be surprised if all the points plot like a tai et in a shooting range, perhaps with a tighter circle rather than describing the complete compressor curve. 

The telephone is still one of the primary means of communication for clinical trial personnel. The telephone is used for both voice and digital communications. Voice communication is the normal person-to-person telephone call. Data communication with the telephone is the transmission of digital data from one location to another. Various software packages have been developed for this purpose. Using a voice modem connected to a telephone, a user on a local computer can connect to another remote computer that has a modem connected to a telephone and download or upload data files. Local and remote users can also communicate with text messages. The local computer operator can even control the remote computer for trouble-shooting or system update. 

The simplest system devised comprises a microcosm where seedlings with roots sandwiched between Millipore membranes are in contact with agar containing plant nutrients (25). The shoots can be exposed to CO, and the loss of C into the agar via the roots is then monitored. The design enables the effect of microorganisms on rhizodeposition to be examined easily (26) but really lacks the complexity of substratum to allow data obtained to be related to rhizodeposition in soil. 

Results presented in Table VII show that sufficient light is needed for new shoot formation on explants and that the herbicide fluridone causes chlorosis in new growth just as in whole plants (12,13). These data also confirm that the apical explant, which contains the terminal meristem, is a poor system for assaying inhibitors of new shoot production. 

Material balances are also useful tools for the study of plant operation and trouble shooting. They can be used to check performance against design to extend the often limited data available from the plant instrumentation to check instrument calibrations and to locate sources of material loss. 

Historical operating data is retained in the computer memory. Averages and trends can be displayed, for plant investigation and trouble shooting. 

The analysis of each EO distribution of a multiple alkyl AE should facilitate better characterization protocols. One-dimensional NPLC may provide sufficient resolution for less complicated AE (i.e., Novel II 1412-70 and Brij 35), but 2DLC offers the selectivity to display the EO distribution of each end group independently, which is neither easy nor unambiguous to extract from one-dimensional data. 2DLC is a powerful technique not only to separate materials, but also to aid in identification, characterization, analytical trouble shooting, synthesis optimization, and quality control. 

As with proton interpretation, this must be considered an iterative process. Try to shoot your proposed structure down. Don t be afraid to tear it up at any stage and start again if some glaring problem becomes apparent. Resist temptation - don t hammer the square peg into a round hole This is why we do spectroscopy in the first place. If it crashes and bums then it was wrong so shed no tears. If it survives then it s got a good chance of being a winner. Finally, go back again and check that there is no mismatch between any carbon data and any supplementary proton data, e.g., NOE experiments. 

Figure 7.9. Effects of N rates on Cd concentrations in wheat shoots and grain (data from Mitchell et al., 2000)...

Fig. 11. Effects of ASHA at 10 or 100 mg L alone and in combination with 1 or 10 mg L 1 ALA, on the length and dry weigth of primary root and shoot of T. turgidum seedlings. Data of ASHA and ASHA + ALA treatments are expressed as the percentage of the variation observed with respect to the control (H20 treatment) and to the ALA treatments, respectively.

Drainage class, tile drainage, soil characteristics, and initial SOC levels can also impact SOC maintenance requirements (Arrouays and Pelissier 1994 Zach et al. 2006 Clay et al. 2007). If the SOC maintenance requirement is related to the SOC level, then the range of values reported by Barber (1978), Wilts et al. (2004), Larson et al. (1972), and Frye and Blevins (1997) may be related to these differences. To assess the impact of SOC level on maintenance requirements, data from Barber (1978), Wilts et al. (2004), Larson et al. (1972), and Frye and Blevins (1997) were analyzed using the Clay et al. (2006) approach (Table 8.1). For these calculations, a common soil depth (0-15 cm) and root to shoot ratios suggested by Johnson et al. (2006) were used. Across the sites, located in the central USA, the analysis suggested that in plowed fields, 15.5% of the SOC contained in the surface 15 cm must be returned annually (Fig. 8.5). The 0-15 cm soil zone was selected because soil data from this zone are available in many studies. 

Fig. 8.5 A comparison of data collected from multiple sites analyzed using Clay et al. (2005). Tillage was conducted at all sites. In this plot NHC was non-harvested biomass, SOC was soil organic C, and dSOC/dt was the annual change in soil organic matter resulting from the imposed treatments. Root to shoot ratios was assumed to be 0.55 and the soil depth considered was the 0-15 cm zone...

Carbon turnover in production fields can be determined, using non-isotopic techniques, by combining historical soil samples, current soil samples, and whole field yield monitor data. Sensitivity analysis of such data shows that the amount of above-ground biomass that could be harvested decreases with root to shoot ratio (Table 8.1). For example, if root biomass is ignored, analysis suggests that only 20-30% of the above-ground biomass can be harvested, whereas if the root to shoot ratio is 1.0, then between 40% and 70% of the residue could be harvested. 

The data ultimately used in the cluster analyses were the linoleic/linolenic acid ratios, the fresh and dry weights, and the length of the shoots. The cluster analyses have been described in detail recently (9) and will only be summarized herein. 

Here we provide insight into the ChIP technique, the most important steps and some trouble-shooting guidelines. We describe the variations of ChIP and recent new developments, especially for genome-wide studies. We also focus on the data analysis, since in silico data analysis becomes more and more central for successful Chip experiments. In the last section we discuss two examples for data analysis based on recent publications. For detailed ChIP protocols we refer the reader to the excellent protocols database freely available at http //www.epigenome-noe.net/ researchtools/protocols.php. 

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