Shininess

Asphaltenes are obtained in the laboratory by precipitation in normal heptane. Refer to the separation flow diagram in Figure 1.2. They comprise an accumulation of condensed polynuclear aromatic layers linked by saturated chains. A folding of the construction shows the aromatic layers to be in piles, whose cohesion is attributed to -it electrons from double bonds of the benzene ring. These are shiny black solids whose molecular weight can vary from 1000 to 100,000. 

This is formed when arsenic burns in air (cf. phosphorus which gives P4O10). It can exist in two crystalline modifications the stable one at room temperature, which also occurs naturally as arsenolite, has an octahedral form. Solid arsenic(III) oxide is easily reduced, for example by heating with charcoal, when arsenic deposits as a black shiny solid on the cooler parts of the tube. 

The evolved arsine is decomposed to arsenic and hydrogen at the heated zone of the delivery tube hence arsenic deposits as a shiny black mirror beyond the heated zone. 

It is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200oC, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere. 

Gloss, or surface luster, is the property of a surface to reflect light specularly. It is associated with such phenomena as shininess, highlight, and reflected images. The gloss of paper is usually quantified with a spectrophotometer which measures light at a variety of angles of incidence and reflection. 

Sesame Seed (Benne, Benni, Bene Seed). Sesame seed is the whole dried seed of Sesamum indicum L. (PedaUaceae), an annual plant now cultivated in Mexico and Central America, although indigenous to Indonesia and tropical Africa. It may be the oldest condiment known. The seed is small, shiny, and oval shaped, about 0.32 cm long. The unhuUed seeds are dark and the hulled seeds are pearly white. Sesame seeds, when baked, have a pleasant, roasted, nutty flavor. They are used in baked goods and in confections, eg, halvah. 

Pure silver subfluoride [1302-01 -8] 2 greenish shiny crystalline material, or yellowish green soHd if contaminated with AgF. It decomposes in water... 

NaS03p [14483-63-7] shiny leaflets, hygroscopic s s ethanol, acetone i ether... 

Iodine is a bluish black, crystalline soHd having a metallic luster. It is obtained in shiny flakes or prills that can be easily cmshed to powder. Iodine crystallines in rhomboidal plates belonging to the triclinic system. 

The hard rock deposits are mined mainly for feldspar with mica and quartz being accessory minerals. These deposits are extensive, often covering hundreds of square meters and are recognized by the light-colored, granite-like appearance with shiny mica flakes being a prominent feature. The mica content of these deposits ranges from approximately 6—10 wt %. 

Wa.llpa.per and Coated Paper. The shiny particles of mica give a silky or pearly luster when appHed to paper. The effect is pleasing to the eye, and in some cases simulates fabric. 

A (4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine. This derivative (23) forms aggregate spheres or shiny leaflets from water. It turns brown at 200°C, begins to melt at 220°C, and melts completely with decomposition at 245 —247°C. The compound is soluble in alkaU and mineral acid and sparingly soluble in water, glacial acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. 

The fire assay, the antecedents of which date to ancient Egypt, remains the most rehable method for the accurate quantitative determination of precious metals ia any mixture for concentrations from 5 ppm to 100%. A sample is folded iato silver-free lead foil cones, which are placed ia bone-ash cupels (cups) and heated to between 1000 and 1200°C to oxidize the noimoble metals. The oxides are then absorbed iato a bone-ash cupel (ca 99%) and a shiny, uniformly metaUic-colored bead remains. The bead is bmshed clean, roUed fiat, and treated with CP grade nitric acid to dissolve the silver. The presence of trace metals ia that solution is then determined by iastmmental techniques and the purity of the silver determined by difference. 

Zirconium is a hard, shiny, ductile metal, similar to stainless steel in appearance. It can be hot-worked to form slabs, rods, and rounds from arc-melted ingot. Further cold-working of zirconium with intermediate annealings produces sheet, foil, bar wire, and tubing. Physical properties are given in Table 3. 

No-wax tile has long been important ia the resideatial market. Such products have a high gloss surface coatiag that resists abrasioa and soiling. When properly designed and maintained, no-wax tile retains its shiny appearance for an extended period of time without appHcation of floor poHsh. 

Glassy, or vitreous, carbon is a black, shiny, dense, brittle material with a vitreous or glasslike appearance (10,11). It is produced by the controUed pyrolysis of thermosetting resins phenol—formaldehyde and polyurethanes are among the most common precursors. Unlike conventional artificial graphites, glassy carbon has no filler material. The Hquid resin itself becomes the binder. 

Canthaxanthin crystallines from various solvents as brownish violet, shiny leaves that melt with decomposition at 210°C. As is the case with carotenoids in general, the crystals are sensitive to light and oxygen and, when heated in solution or exposed to ultraviolet light or iodine, form a mixture of cis and trans stereoisomers. Consequentiy, crystalline canthaxanthin should be stored under inert gas at low temperatures. Unlike the carotenoid colorants P-carotene and P-apo-8 -carotenal, canthaxanthin has no vitamin A activity. It is chemically stable at pH 2—8 (the range normally encountered in foods) and unaffected by heat in systems with a minimal oxygen content. 

Coumaria is usually sold in the form of colorless shiny leaflets or rhombic crystals. Its ir (7), uv (8), Raman (9), and nmr spectra (10) are known. Physical constants appear ia Table 1. Tables 2 and 3 give the solubiUty of coumaria ia various water mixtures and solvents. 

Highly polished plate, 98.3% pure 440-1070 0.039-0.057 Dense shiny oxide layer 75 0.82... 

Commercial, scraped shiny hut not mirror- Plate, oxidized by heating at 1110 F. 390-1110 0.37-0.48... 

Black shiny lacquer, sprayed on iron 76 0.875 Rubber ... 

Black shiny shellac on tinned iron sheet 70 0.821 Hard, glossy plate 74 0.945 ... 

Parallel feed involves the introduc tion of raw feed and the withdrawal of produc t at each effect of the evaporator. It is used primarily when the feed is substantiallv saturated and the product is a sohd. An example is the evaporation of brine to make common salt. Evaporators of the types shown in Fig. 11-122Z or e are used, and the produc t is withdrawn as a shiny. In this case, parallel feed is desirable because the feed washes impurities from the salt leaving the body. 

Viscosity markedly changes the picture and, usually, increasing viscosity lowers the mass-transfer coefficient. For the common application of waste treating and for some of the pubhshed data on biological slurries, data for kiO (shown in Fig. 18-28) is obtained in the literature. For a completely new gas or liquid of a liquid shiny system. Fig. 18-26 must be obtained by an actual experiment. 

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