Labour-intensive processes

The collection and analysis of doses from metered aerosol products has been found to be a tedious, labour-intensive process. Analyst-to-analyst variation in the actuating and collecting of samples from the canisters has been shown to be a significant variable in such determinations. Automation of the testing process conserves analyst time and eliminates all the variables associated with manual testing, thereby producing more consistent results. 

Sample preparation, which is generally minimized for solid samples, can be a time consuming and labour intensive process, especially if trace matrix separation is required. Due to the huge variety of different matrices, of more or less complex matrix composition, many different decomposition principles have been developed. 

Ceresins are a mixture of high molecular-weight hard hydrocarbons (n-and iso-alkanes). Ceresins have a fine crystalline structure. Their temperature of melting is higher than 65°C and molecular mass is 500-700 that corresponds to a composition of C37-C53. Due to the specific properties such as hydrophobicity, solidity, dielectric and other material advantages, ceresins are used in more than two hundred branches of industry [1]. There are no ceresin in oil or their amount is very low. The extraction of these industrially important products from oil is a fairly labour-intensive process requiring a complex separation and cleaning of ceresin. 

PEMFC in particular can only operate with hydrogen. This means that natural gas has to be converted into hydrogen of sufficient quality through a time- and labour-intensive process. 

The production or extraction of the primary bast fibres has traditionally been a very labour-intensive process, but recently an alternative fibre separation process has been developed using technologies such as ultrasound and steam explosion, which are much less labour intensive. Once separated, the bast fibres are ready for spinning and weaving into textiles, or for pulping into high-quality pulp. 

To minimise dependence on such equipment, collective protection is a prerequisite. Toxic-free areas can be established by means of a filtered air supply and the maintenance of internal over-pressure in all enclosures, whether buildings in fixed installations like command posts and air bases, or in military vehicles including tanks and armoured personnel carriers, or in modern naval vessels by internal citadels or in improvised field shelters. Decontamination of personnel and equipment will provide further relief from the dangers of chemical agents. It is a labour-intensive process, involving a copious supply of water, the... 

Spray-up is a less labour intensive process than hand lay-up, and it is an another way to mechanise the application of resin-fibre layers and to reduce the time needed for the process. In this technique, liquid resin and chopped GF are simultaneously sprayed and deposited onto the open mould. Continuous rovings are chopped in the spray gun (to fibres of 25-75 mm length) and are added to the resin stream as it exits the nozzle. Spray guns are either internal mix with air, airless internal mix, external mix with air, or airless external mix. The technique requires considerable operator skill if operated manually (for control of the thickness of the composite and to maintain a consistent polymer/glass ratio), however, the tooling costs are not too high. Spraying can also be... 

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