Shell catalyst system

In contrast to the processes of Ethyl and of Chevron/Gulf, which use Ziegler catalyst in the oligomerization of the ethylenes, Shell uses a self-developed catalyst system consisting of, for example, a nickel salt, a rm-organophosphine group, and a polar solvent such as 1,4-butanediol (3) [34,35] ... 

Other polymer materials which can be prepared include latexes, or particle agglomerates, by dispersed phase polymerisation. These can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic in nature, or may have core-shell morphologies. They can be employed as support materials for a number of catalyst systems. Polymerisation of both phases of the emulsions produces composite materials, which have found use as selective membranes for the separation of mixtures of liquids with similar physical properties. 

Salient features of the three commercialized processes are shown in Table VI. The Shell Development Co s liquid phase isomerization process uses an improved Friedel-Crafts catalyst system consisting of a solution of A1C13 in SbCl3 and uses HC1 as a promoter. This process was first evaluated in an existing isomerization unit in 1961 (26) giving it the... 

Shell s version of the Oxo process is in use in several foreign countries as well as in the U.S. The first commercial use of this catalyst system was for the production of normal butanol and 2-ethylhexanol in 1963. It is ejected to continue to be Shell s primary process for the conversion of olefins to alcohols. This process has produced higher alcohols efficiently since its first commercial application in 1965. This is due to its simplicity, its high quality products and its flexibility to utilize many different feedstocks. 

Basically, we could consider the FCC catalyst system as a combination of a shrinking core of sites not yet deactivated by coke and a progressing shell of large hydrocarbon molecules and metal contaminants, penetrating into the catalyst particle. 

Nickel one-component catalysts (Scheme 1) for linear olefin oligomerization have been studied by Peuckert et al. (235). The OP nickel complexes are close models for the catalyst system in the Shell Higher Olefins Process... 

Shell has developed a catalyst system for the RIM polymerization of DCPD which is the reaction product of 2 mol of 2,6-diisopropylphenol and 1 mol of WClg the co-catalyst is a trialkyltin hydride. Both components are soluble in DCPD and inherently storage-stable. In addition, this catalyst system has the advantage of being able to polymerize DCPD of technical quality. In a very fast exothermic reaction a complete conversion of the DCPD monomer takes place into the crosslinked polymer [78]. 

The oxidation of propene to acrolein has been applied in industry since 1958, when Shell introduced a gas-phase oxidation based on a Cu20/SiC/l2 catalyst system. This process made acrolein a commodity product. A more efficient technology, still state-of-the-art, was subsequently developed by Standard Oil of Ohio (from 1957 onward), using bismuth molybdate and bismuth phosphatecatalysts... 

The details of the structural characteristics of individual constituents in the various carbon deposits were obtained by examination of a number of specimens from each experiment in a JEOL 100 CX transmission electron microscope that was fitted with a high resolution pole piece, capable of 0.18 nm lattice resolution. Suitable transmission specimens were prepared by applying a drop of an ultrasonic dispersion of the deposit in iso-butanol to a carbon support film. In many cases the solid carbon product was found to consist entirely of filamentous structures. Variations in the width of the filaments as a function of both catalyst composition and growth conditions were determined from the measurements of over 300 such structures in each specimen. In certain samples evidence was found for the existence of another type of ca naceous solid, a shell-like deposit in which metal particles appeared to be encapsulated by graphitic platelet structures. Selected area electron diffraction studies were performed to ascertain the overall crystalline order of the carbon filaments and the shell-like materials produced from the various catalyst systems. 

A bed of catalyst consisting of 200 g spherical egg-shell catalysts was employed in the fixed bed reactor. The catalyst bed was diluted by shattered steatite particles (0.9 mm < d < 1.6 mm) in a mass ratio 1 1 to obtain a plug flow system. The catalyst used throughout the study was prepared by coating spherical steatite particles of 4-5 mm diameter with a porous oxidic layer. The egg-shell catalyst contained 20 weight % active component, the thickness of the shell being 215 xm. The oxidic catalyst consisted mainly of Mo, V and Cu, its preparation has been described elsewhere [10]. 

Other reactions are alkane formation by hydrogenation, ketone formation (especially with ethylene ), ester formation through hydrogen transfer and formate ester synthesis. An improved catalyst system in which one CO ligand of CoH(CO)4 is substituted with a trialkylphosphine ligand , was disclosed by Shell workers in the early 1960s. With this catalyst, which is more thermally stable than the unsubstituted cobalt carbonyl, reaction proceeds at 140-190 C with 3-7 MPa of CO and Hj. Additionally, mostly linear aldehydes are obtained from linear terminal and internal olefins. This remarkable result arises from the high preference for the terminal addition to an a-olefin, and the isomerization of the olefinic position which occurs simultaneously with hydroformyiation. 

Production of more than 3 million tonnes of n-butanal demonstrates the strength of the aqueous-phase oxo concept, as do some other applications of two-phase homogeneous catalyst systems such as Shell s SHOP process (two-phase but not aqueous cf. Section 7.1) or variations by Rhone-Poulenc [11], Montedison [12], Kuraray ([13] and Section 6.9), or Hoechst [14] manufacturing higher olefins, vitamin precursors, telomers, or fine chemicals. 

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