Lattice resolution

Figure 8.31. Direct lattice resolution of the (111) planes (

McLaren, A. C. (1973). The domain structure of a transitional anorthite a study by direct lattice-resolution electron microscopy. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 41, 47-52. 

Lattice Resolution of Carbons by Electron Microscopy, G. R. Mill ward, and D. A. Jefferson... 

The details of the structural characteristics of individual constituents in the various carbon deposits were obtained by examination of a number of specimens from each experiment in a JEOL 100 CX transmission electron microscope that was fitted with a high resolution pole piece, capable of 0.18 nm lattice resolution. Suitable transmission specimens were prepared by applying a drop of an ultrasonic dispersion of the deposit in iso-butanol to a carbon support film. In many cases the solid carbon product was found to consist entirely of filamentous structures. Variations in the width of the filaments as a function of both catalyst composition and growth conditions were determined from the measurements of over 300 such structures in each specimen. In certain samples evidence was found for the existence of another type of ca naceous solid, a shell-like deposit in which metal particles appeared to be encapsulated by graphitic platelet structures. Selected area electron diffraction studies were performed to ascertain the overall crystalline order of the carbon filaments and the shell-like materials produced from the various catalyst systems. 

Ban, L.L., Crawford, D., and Marsh, H. (1975). Lattice-resolution electron-microscopy in structural studies of non-graphitizing carbons from polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC). J. Appl. Cryst., 8, 415-20. 

FIGURE 6.4 (a) Maximum dispersion error as a function of CFLN and lattice resolution and (b) normalized phase velocity versus frequency for diverse ADI-FDTD configurations... 

The above dispersion-optimized single-directional design process repeated along every mesh axis is proven fairly rigorous and convergent, even for coarse lattice resolutions. Hence, spatial derivatives receive an enhanced manipulation without augmenting overall complexity, since (6.42)—(6.46) are computed only once, ahead of the primary simulation phase. 

Figure 11.2 TEM image of gold nanocrystal showing lattice resolution and grain boundaries due to the fusion of smaller fused nanocrystals. (Student preparation, Oklahoma State University, November 2007 TEM contributed by Dr. Charlotte Ownby.)...

Manne, S., Cleveland, J. R, Stucky, G. D., and Hansma, P. K. 1993. Lattice resolution and solution kinetics on surfaces of amino acid crystals An atomic force microscope study,/. Crystal Growth 130, 333-340. 

FIGURE 6-7. Lattice resolution image of pillared rectwite. The crystals are 6 to 16 layers thick. The typical edge-on orientation is observed in the upper right-hand comer. 

FIGURE 6-18. Lattice resolution image of a rectorite crystal with weaving planes. 

Chain Packing and Crystal Structures. The chain packing and the suhmolecular arrangement of repeat units and pendant side groups of macromolecules in crystalline domains of polymers can be visualized using contact mode SFM. The resolution is in most cases not true resolution, since the area of the contact area (1 — few nm ) exceeds the molecular scale and must be considered lattice resolution instead. The first example of molecularly resolved structures of a polymer dates back to 1988, when Marti and co-workers reported on an SFM study on a polydiacetylene film (128). Examples for resolved chain packing and polymer crystal structure determination at the surface of semicrystalline polymers include poly(tetrafiuoroethylene) (PTFE) (129,130), polyethylene (PE) (131-133), polypropylene (PP) (134,135), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (136), aramids (137,138), and poly(oxy methylene) (POM) (139). 

Fig. 13. Contact mode SFM height image of POM with molecular (lattice) resolution (a) raw data (b) image obtained from Fourier reconstruction. The arrow indicates the polymer chain direction (image size 7x7 nm ). Reprinted with permission from Ref. 139. Copyright (1992). American Chemical Society.

FIGURE 1.57 Transmission electron microscopy image of strongly activated anthracite showing pores formed by single aromatic layers (arrows). (From G.R. Millward and D.A. Jefferson. Lattice resolution of carbon by electron microscopy. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon 14 (P.L. Walker Jr. and P.A. Thrower, eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978, 1-82. With permission.)... 

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