Shape self-adaptability

Smart Materials. The field of intelligent or self-adaptive materials is in its infancy, particularly with regard to textile products. Conceptually, any material that is responsive to one or more external stimuli (heat, force, light, moisture, electrical current) and that responds to such exposure by changing shape or related characteristics is classified as an intelligent material. Synthetic gels that act like artificial muscle and fabrics that self-repair to avoid tensile and other forms of mechanical failure are examples of ongoing research and uses (82). 

The self-consistent reaction held (SCRF) method is an adaptation of the Poisson method for ah initio calculations. There are quite a number of variations on this method. One point of difference is the shape of the solvent cavity. Various models use spherical cavities, spheres for each atom, or an isosurface... 

A lean methane/air flame propagating downward in a tube closed above. The tube is of 51mm diameter, (a) Self-light images of the flame (b) traces of the flame shape at 55 frames/s. (Adapted from Jarosinski, Strehlow, R.A., and Azarbarzin, A., Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1549-1555,1982.)... 

Alpine waters are sensitive ecosystems with unique features and resources. Extreme environmental conditions (altitude, gradient, low nutrients, duration of snow cover) shape special habitats that are only suitable for highly-adapted fishes. Only cold stenothermic species can inhabit Alpine waters. During spawning and the period of egg development, water temperature is low and can reach 0°C. Therefore, only a few of the native fishes were able to colonize and inhabit Alpine waters. In the last decades, non-native cold water resistant fish appeared in many Alpine waters. Nonnative species have inhabited alpine lakes since the late 19th century Salvelinus namaycush were stocked in 1886 in small alpine lakes in the Swiss Alps [92]) and started to reproduce in many lakes. Over the last decades in many Alpine streams, non-native, cold stenothermic species have established self-reproducing populations and appear well-adapted to the harsh environmental conditions. 

The final stage of B cell differentiation where the BCR repertoire is shaped is the germinal centre (GC) reaction. In the T cell dependent GC reaction, the BCR is adapted for its cognate antigen by somatic hypermutation (SMH) and class switch recombination (CSR), both of which are driven by activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Since AID induces targeted point mutations in the CDRs of the Ig HCs and Ig LCs, this can dramatically alter the BCR affinity or even its specificity. As AID activity may also result in the formation of an autoreactive BCR, a stringent counterselection of such self-reactive B cells is required. By analysis in human of the BCR repertoire of post-GC IgG+ memory B cells, it was demonstrated that indeed new auto-reactive B cells develop by SHM whereas 20% of naive B cells is self-reactive, up to 40% of the IgG+ memory B cells expressed a true de novo created self-reactive BCR. Apparently, lack of T cell help prevents activation of these self-... 

Schmittel M, He B, Mai P (2008) Supramolecular multicomponent self-assembly of shape-adaptive nanoprisms wrapping up C60 with three porphyrin units. Org Lett 10 2513... 

The spatial distribution of emitting species produced in the electron-hole recombination process is one of important reasons for a difference between the PL and EL spectra, and a characteristic determining the EL quantum efficiency. The self-absorption of the short-wavelength part of the fluorescence can be utilized for determining the spatial distribution of EL. The principle of the method, as discussed in Sec. 3.1 and used for photoexcited states in Sec. 3.2, has been adapted to the recombination radiation as follows [41] the unknown spatial distribution of the EL light intensity, if/ x) from a plate-shaped emitting sample, is related to the experimentally observed EL signal, El(Zo), by the expression... 

Without denying the incontestable benefits either of the division of labor or of hierarchical coordination for some tasks, I want to make a case for institutions that are instead multifunctional, plastic, diverse, and adaptable—in other words, institutions that are powerfully shaped by metis. The fact that those ensnared in confining systems of formal order seem constantly to be working, in their own interest, to make the systems more versatile is one indication of a common process of "social domestication. A second indication is the social magnetism of autonomy and diversity as seen, for example, in the popularity of Jacobs s mixed-use neighborhoods and in the continued attraction of self-employment. 

Because the adaptive immune response requires the generation of such broad diversity in recognition capabilities, it also recognizes molecules found in the body of the host itself. The self-directed immune response can potentially cause autoimmune disease. In an effort to avoid this harm, the body carefully shapes, regulates, and controls the adaptive immune response. These mechanisms are described in the second half of the chapter. 

The first dipeptide nanotube system was L-Val-L-Ala (VA), which forms crystals with narrow hydrophobic channels (diameter about 5 A) lined by peptide side chains.This structure is conceptually different from those of the cyclic peptides in that the pores are generated from self-assembly of small molecules, which are hydrogen bonded, head-to-tail, into helices (Fig. 3a). The extremely robust three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding scaffold was since observed for a series of other hydro-phobic dipeptides.Pore size can be regulated from 3.3 A (L-Ile-L-Val) to 5.2 A (L-Ala-L-Val) by adjusting the bulk of the hydrophobic side chains. Furthermore, L-Ala-L-Val has pores that can adapt their shapes and sizes to absorb large solvent molecules like 2-butanol. 

Figure 1.8 Two approaches of DNA-templated self-assembly (a) self-assembled DNA strands A (blue cross shape) carrying nanoparticle B pair with another self-assembled DNA strands A to form a 2-D nanogrid with nanoparticles (adapted from [38] with permission) (b) Complimentary DNA strands pair into nanogrids and functional materials incorporate with the nanogrid later (bl), forming arrays of nanomaterials (b2) (adapted from [37] with permission).

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