Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

Morgan, H.D., Dean, W., Coker, H.A., Reik, W. and Petersen-Mahrt, S.K (2004) Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates 5-methylcytosine in DNA and is expressed in pluripotent tissues implications for epigenetic reprogramming. The Journal of Bioh ad Chemistry, 279, 52353-52360. 

Hyper-IgM syndrome can also arise if there is an intrinsic B cell defect that prevents B cells from switching to production of immunoglobulins other than IgM due to a mutation in the gene that codes for the mRNA-editing enzyme known as activation-induced cytidine deaminase (110). 

Revy, P., Muto, T, Levy, Y, etal. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the hyper-IgM syndrome. Cell 102, 565-575 (2000). 

The final stage of B cell differentiation where the BCR repertoire is shaped is the germinal centre (GC) reaction. In the T cell dependent GC reaction, the BCR is adapted for its cognate antigen by somatic hypermutation (SMH) and class switch recombination (CSR), both of which are driven by activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Since AID induces targeted point mutations in the CDRs of the Ig HCs and Ig LCs, this can dramatically alter the BCR affinity or even its specificity. As AID activity may also result in the formation of an autoreactive BCR, a stringent counterselection of such self-reactive B cells is required. By analysis in human of the BCR repertoire of post-GC IgG+ memory B cells, it was demonstrated that indeed new auto-reactive B cells develop by SHM whereas 20% of naive B cells is self-reactive, up to 40% of the IgG+ memory B cells expressed a true de novo created self-reactive BCR. Apparently, lack of T cell help prevents activation of these self-... 

AID AIDP AIDS AIF AIRE AIS AES AMAN AMN AMPA AMSAN activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy acquired immunodeficiency syndrome apoptosis inducing factor autoimmune regulator anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID)-inducing signal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis acute motor axonal neuropathy adrenomyeloneuropathy a-amino-3 -hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole- 4-propionic acid acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy... 

Muramatsu M, Kinoshita K, Fagarasan S, Yamada Y, Shinkai Y, Honjo T Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 2000 102 553-563. 

Albesiano, E., Messmer, B. T., Damle, R. N., Allen, S. L., Rai, K. R., and Chiorazzi, N. (2003). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells Expression as multiple forms in a dynamic, variably sized fraction of the clone. Blood 102, 3333-3339. 

Bransteitter, R., Pham, P., Scharff, M. D., and Goodman, M. F. (2003). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates deoxycytidine on single-stranded DNA but requires the action of RNase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4102-4107. 

Greeve, J., Philipsen, A., Krause, K., Klapper, W., Heidom, K., Casde, B. E., Janda, J., Marcu, K. B., and Parwaresch, R. (2003). Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in human B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood 101, 3574—3580. 

Kasahara, Y., Kaneko, H., Fukao, T., Terada, T., Asano, T., Kasahara, K., and Kondo, N. (2003). Hyper-IgM syndrome with putative dominant negative mutation in activation-induced cytidine deaminase. / Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112, 755-760. 

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas. Nature 415, 802-806. 

McCarthy, J., Wierda, W. G., Barron, L. L., Cromwell, C. C., Wang, J., Coombes, K. R., Rangel, R., Elenitobajohnson, K. S., Keating, M. J., and Abruzzo, L. V. (2003). High expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and splice variants is a distinctive feature of poor-prognosis chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 101, 4903-4908. 

Muramatsu, M., Sankaranand, V. S., Anant, S., Sugai, M., Kinoshita, K., Davidson, N. O., and Honjo, T. (1999). Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells. / Biol. Chem. 274, 18470-18476. 

Sohail, A., Klapacz, J., Samaranayake, M., Ullah, A., and Bhagwhat, A. S. (2003). Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription-dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations. Nucl. Adds Res. 31, 2990-2994. 

Kodum S, Wong E, Strowig T, Sunaram R, Zhang L, Strout MP, Flavell RA, Schatz DG, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Dendritic cell-mediated activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AlD)-dependent induction of genomic instability in human myeloma. Blood. 2012 119 2302-9. 

Hasham MG, Donghia NM, Cofey E, Maynard J, Snow KJ, Ames J, Wilpan RY, He Y, King BL, Mills KD. Widespread genomic breaks generated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase are prevented by homologous recombinations. Nat Immunol. 2010 11 820-. ... 

Dorsett Y, McBride KM, Jankovic M, Gazumyan A, Thai TH, Robbiani DF, Di Virgilio M, Reina San-Martin B, Heidkamp G, Schwickert TA, Eisenreich TA, Rajewsky K, Nussenzweig MC. MicroRNA-155 suppresses activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated Myc-IgH translocation. Immunity. 2008 28 630-8. 

Teng G, Hakimpour P, Landgraf P, Rice A, Tischl T, Casellas R, Papavasilou FN. microRNA-155 is a negative regulator of activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Immunity. 2008 28 621-9. 

Borchert GM, Holton NW, Larson ED. Repression of human activation-induced cytidine deaminase by miR-93 and miR-155. BMC Cancer. 2011 11 347. doi 10.1186/1471-2407-11-347. 

Marusawa H, Takal A, Chiba T. Role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in inflammation-associated cancer development. Adv Immunol. 2011 111 109 1. 

Endo Y, Marusawa H, Chiba T. Involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancers. J Gastroenterol. 2011 46S 1 6-10. 

Shimizu T, Marusawa H, Endo Y, Chiba T Inflammation-mediated genomic instability role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci. 2012 doi 10.1111/j.l349-7006.2012.02293.x. 

Muto T, Muramatsu M, Taniwaki M, Kinoshita K, Honjo T. Isolation, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of the human activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) gene. Genomics. 2000 68 85-8. 

---