Shale processed

The commercial production of shale oil as an alternative energy source has not been economically feasible. As of 1995, all commercial oil shale operations in the world (Petrobras, Bra2il PAMA, Israel The Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Fushun and Maoming, China KivioH Oil Shale Processing Plant, Kohda-Jarve, Estonia) receive some sort of economic incentives or assistance from the countries in which they are operating. 

Harmful natural heterocycles (including petroleum components and products of oil, coal, and shale processing) 98MI23. 

Richard, J. J., and Junk, G. A., Steam Distillation, Solvent Extraction, and Ion Exchange for Determining Polar Organics in Shale Process Waters. Anal. Chem, 1984. 56 pp. 1625-1628. 

Exposure of the general population to 2-hexanone is not likely to be high. However, persons living near hazardous waste sites or wood pulping, coal-gasification, or oil-shale processing plants may be exposed to 2-hexanone in contaminated environmental media. In the past, occupational exposures to 2-hexanone resulted from its manufacture and use. However, since 2-hexanone is not currently manufactured or used commercially in the United States, occupational exposures related to these activities are no longer of special concern. 

Hexanone is released to water by industrial facilities and at hazardous waste sites. 2-Hexanone was detected in 2 of 3 effluents from coal gasification plants and in 1 of 2 effluents from oil shale processing plants at mean concentrations ranging from 7 to 202 ppb ( jg/L) (Pellizzarri et al. 1979). The compound has also been tentatively identified in 1 of 63 industrial effluents (Perry et al. 1979), the effluent from a chemical plant (Shackelford and Keith 1976), and in one municipal landfill leachate at 0.148 ppm (mg/L) in a study of leachates from 58 municipal and industrial landfills (Brown and Donnelly 1988). 

Tuvikene, A., Huuskonen, S., Koponen, K., Ritola, O., Mauer, U. Lindstrom-Seppa, P. 1999. Oil shale processing as a source of aquatic pollution monitoring of the biologic effects in caged and feral freshwater fish. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 745-752. 

V. D. Allred, ed., Oil Shale Processing Technology, Center for Professional Advancement, East Bmnswick, N.J., 1982. 

Most effort in the commercialization of oil shale processes has centered upon retort development. Over the years numerous technologies have been demonstrated for the surface retorting of oil shale, many of which have been discarded and then resurrected with modification, paralleling the on-again, off-again character of oil shale commercialization itself. Only a few will be mentioned here. 

This figure is given in the official five-year plan (1946-1950). It includes coal hydrogenation, but also shale processing a more recent estimate (416c) indicates that Soviet synthetic oil production, both by the Fischer-Tropsch process and by coal hydrogenation, has reached 2-3 million tons per year. 

Above Ground Shale Processing, Hydrocarbon Process., February 1977. 

Whitcombe, J. A. Vawter, R. Glenn. The TOSCO-II Oil Shale Process, ... 

J. J. Richaid, G. A. Junk, Steam Distillation, Solvent Extraction,and Ion Exchange forDetermin ing PolarOiganics in Shale Process Wateis, Anal.Chem. 19S4, i6, 1625-1628. 

G. W. Langlois, B.M. Jones, R. H.Sakaji, and C.G. Daughton, Quantitation of Cartion in Oil Shale Process Wastewaters Coulometry Coupled with Ultraviolet-Peroxydisulfate and High-TemperatiueOxidation, J.Test.Eval. 1984, 12, 227 -37. 

An ongoing effort to establish criteria for the mitigation and/or prevention of EOR extraction-related problems involves the characterization of the liquids and gases from in situ combustion processes, gas effluent from steam boilers used in steam drive, and effluents from applying a direct downhole steam generator. Another effort to characterize oil shale process pollutants in waste streams is underway to... 

Other major shale constituents such as C, H, N, and S are determined by thermal decomposition and instrumental detection methods. Oxygen is determined by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis. Parr or Leco BTU bomb combustion and subsequent ion chromatographic determination is used for halogens, sulfate and nitrate. Ion chromatography is also suitable for anionic characterization of shale process waters. Two analytical procedures for oil shales should be used with caution. Kjeldahl nitrogen procedure has been found to give reproducible but considerably low results for certain oil... 

Although the preceding observations seem to indicate definite mineral matter influences on kerogen decomposition, extrapolation of the results to actual oil shale processing is tenuous because a physical mixture of kerogen and mineral matter, such as was used in most of the previous work, is not likely to reproduce the exact forms of physical structure or chemical bonding that exist in indigenous oil shale ... 

On the basis of the studies conducted here, it is readily apparent that the presence of minerals can drastically alter the reactivity of the residual char on spent oil shale More detailed quantitative studies of the mineral compositions are necessary in order to be able to assess their importance under typical oil shale processing conditions and will be the subject of future manuscripts from this laboratory. However, at this time, there are several conclusions which can be made. First, the combustion of the char in all six of the shales followed first order kinetics with respect to the oxygen partial pressure and the char available For the western shales this is in agreement with previous works which studied PCM and Anvil Points shales, but it does conflict with the results of Rostam-Abadi and Mickelson (9) who reported second order kinetics for Antrim shale. Secondly, we found that CaO has a catalytic effect on char combustion, most likely due to a chemisorption process And finally we found that Na20, as derived from the thermal decomposition of nahcolite, has a pronounced catalytic effect on the char combustion rate of saline zone shale ... 

The key difference between the methods used for oil recovery from oil shales and that used for tar sands is in the methods used for separation of the organic constituent from the naturally occurring material. Oil shale processing requires the whole of the mined material to be heated to pyrolysis temperatures of 500°C or more, whereas the hot water process for tar sands extraction requires the mined tar sand (plus process water) to be heated to only around 70-80°C. Only the extracted bitumen from the tar sand, some 10-12% of the mined mass, has to be heated to ca. 500°C during the coking step to obtain synthetic crude. Because all the oil shale must be heated to pyrolysis temperatures to effect oil recovery, efficient heat transfer and... 

Sulfur gas containment from either oil shale pyrolysis or oil upgrading can be accomplished using the largely existing technology already outlined for tar sands processing. Environmental aspects of oil shale processing have been reviewed [54]. 

Sediment and oil shales Oil shale processing plants Sediment and oil shales PLHC-1 EROD/protein 107... 

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