Lifetime effects

Lewis number, 27 62, 64, 66 Liapunov exponent, 39 115 Lifetime effects, 34 213 Ligand... 

The fact that children are more sensitive to the effects of lead exposure is illustrated in Figure 7.2. It is clear that the amount of lead it takes to kill someone is not nearly as important as the lifetime effects on the quality of life. 

Fisher GL, Chrisp CE, McNeill DA. 1986. Lifetime effects of intratracheally instilled nickel subsulfide on B6C3F1 mice. Environ Res 40 313-320. 

The principal inherent broadening of the ESCA line is related to lifetime effects in a manner similar to that discussed in Section I.A of Chapter 2. 

Even if equilibrium is achieved in the excited state, the lifetime effect always remains in emission intensity measurements. If the experimentally determined quantity on the left of (28) is regarded as the approximate p/iT(S x)-value, the compound will appear to be a weaker acid than it really is i.e. too much BH+(S ) will seem to be present if BH+(S ) has the shorter lifetime, or a stronger acid if B(S ) has the shorter lifetime. The rule is that the species of shorter lifetime produces a greater emission than would be expected from the equilibrium concentrations, because its concentration is depleted more rapidly and is therefore replenished all the time from the longer-lived species in an attempt to maintain the equilibrium. 

Table 25. Order of magnitude of lifetime effects comparison between a diesel oxidation catalyst and a three-way catalyst.

The assumption so far is that once the ion transfer has taken place from the probe to the block sites, displacing the original block ion 2, subsequent transitions occur to sustain the current. If this is not the case, if the configuration B(l)R(2) is sufficiently long lived, then the current-determining step may be the subsequent transfer to the transmembrane channel. The formulation of that case is similar to that already considered. One can assume an equilibrium population of B(1)B(2) states leading to the final state / (1,2) because of the multiple site character of the final state in the membrane channel, B(l,2), not previously mentioned as a final state, is indeed possible. Finally, with respect to the current-generating molecular mechanisms, there is the possibility that B(1)B(2) is a virtual state with a lifetime effectively... 

Book SA, Rosenblatt LS, Goldman M. 1983. Lifetime effects of long-term exposures to strontium-90 and radium-226 in beagle dogs. In Thompson RC, Mahaffey JA, ed. Life-span radiation effects studies in animals What can they tell us Proceedings of the twenty-second Hanford life science symposium held at... 

The spectra exhibits deviations from the single-particle picture of the potential for the ejected electron, which can be divided into two categories i) broadening of the spectra due to lifetime effects, and ii) energy shifts due to exchange correlation effects]... 

Fig. 21. Palladium L,-XANES and K-XANES are compared with the calculated theoretical p(E) from the p-like partial density of states taking account of the matrix element of the Pd crystal before and after it has been smeared to account for lifetime effects. The difference between the L, and the K-edge is due to the better instrumental energy resolution in the energy range of the Lj edge and shorter core hole lifetime at the K-edge...

The situation is very different with chronic effect testing. The scientific community is split on both what tests should be performed and how test results should be interpreted. While a very rough consensus does appear to be developing recently, much work remains to be done in correlating bacterial and cellular tests to ninety day and lifetime effect testing. 

Eu " emission bands overlap with Sm bands as well as bands from other REE. Hence assignment of Eu " features requires careful comparison with doped standards, and use of time-resolution measurement techniques if available. Piriou et al. (2001) obtained high resolution spectra of Eu " in a synthetic sodium lead apatite, and confirmed that Ei spectra can be used to determine individual site occupations due to symmetry, splitting and lifetime effects. Eu " doped into synthetic Ca hydroxyapatite was also investigated by Ternane et al. (1999) with time-resolved techniques (see below). 

Certain radioactive isotopic ratios show lifetime effects. The ratio of Be /B abundances is used to measure an age of cosmic rays since Be is unstable with a half life of about 1,6 x 10 years. A ratio of 0,6 is expected in the absence of Be decay and a ratio of about 0,2 is found experimentally (E. Juliusson, 1975 P. Meyer, 1981),... 

Experimentally this has been found in dhcp Pr (Houmann et al. 1979, Jensen 1976) and PrAlj (Purwins et al. 1976). Various theoretical methods have been used to describe mixed-mode excitations pseudospon techniques, (Elliott et al. 1972), diagrammatic methods (Thalmeier and Fulde 1975) and equation of motion techniques (Morin et al. 1980b, Aksenov et al. 1981). In the RPA all these methods lead to mixed excitations of infinite lifetime. Lifetime effects can be included in a phenomenological manner, see, e.g., Becker et al. (1981). For a microscopic treatment of linewidth effects beyond RPA the projection operator technique is more suitable (Huggins et al. 1984). 

---