SFE - Supercritical fluid

S, Soxhlet S , Soxtec R, reflux SF, shake-flask US, ultrasonics SFE, supercritical fluid extraction MAE, microwave-assisted extraction PFE, pressurised fluid extraction (ASE , ESE ) D/P, dissolution/precipitation. 

GC = gas chromatography GPC = gel permeation chromatography ECD = electron capture detector MS = mass spectrometry MSD = mass selective detector SFE = supercritical fluid extraction TLC = thin layer chromatography... 

SFE, Supercritical-fluid extraction MSTFA, N-methyl-N-(trimethylsily)trifluoro-acetamide OPA, o-phthalaldehyde DMBA, p-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde. 

NBD-CI, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole MSTFA, N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide BSA, N, O-bis(trimethylsily-l)acetamide MTBSTFA, N-methyl-N-(tetr.-butyldimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide BSTFA, N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide HFB, heptafluorobutyric acid SFE, supercritical-fluid extraction. 

MSPD matrix soild-phase dispersion SFE supercritical fluid extraction. 

Notes LOD, limit of detection MeOH, methanol EtOH, ethanol ACN, acetonitrile MTBE, methyl tert-butyl ether DCM, dichloromethane THF, tetrahy-drofuran KOH, potassium hydroxide SFE, supercritical fluid extraction MS, mass spectrometry HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography DAD, diode array detector PDA, photodiode array detector FD, fluorescence detector ECD, electrochemical detector ESI, electrospray ionization APCI, atmosphere pressure chemical ionization TLC, thin layer chromatography FAB, fast atom bombardment NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene SPE, solid phase extraction. 

Figure 6.1 Bar-graph of MeHg in CRM 580. The results correspond to six replicate determinations as performed by different laboratories using various methods. MEANS indicates the mean of laboratory means with 95% confidence interval. Abbreviations-. CVAAS, cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry CVAFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry ECD, electron capture detection GC, gas chromatography HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography ICPMS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry MIP, microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry QFAAS, quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry SFE, supercritical fluid extraction.

ECD = electron capture detector FID = flame ionization detector GC = gas chromatography HRGC = high resolution gas chromatography LC-APCI-MS = liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry LSE = liquid-solid extraction MS = mass spectrometry PVC = polyvinyl chloride SFE = supercritical fluid extraction... 

BTT and BTN, butane-1,2,4-triol-trinitrate DNT, dinitrotoluene EGDN, ethylene glycol dinitrate HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography LOD, limits of detection MDQ, minimum detectable quantities NB, nitrobenzene NG, nitroglycerine NN, nitronaphthalene NT, nitrotoluene PETN, pentaerythritol tetranitrate RDX, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine SFE, supercritical fluid extraction SGC, solvating gas chromatography TDM, thermal desorption modulator TNB, trinitrobenzene and TNT, trinitrotoluene. 

Many detectors have been used to detect pesticides and herbicides in SFC. Among these detectors, the flame ionization detector (FID) is most commonly used for detection of a wide range of pesticides and herbicides, with a detection limit ranging from 1 ppm (for carbonfuran) to 80 ppm (for Karmex, Harmony, Glean, and Oust herbicides). The UV detector has frequently been used for the detection of compounds with chromophores. The detection limit was as low as 10 ppt when solid-phase extraction (SPE) was on-line coupled to SFC. The mass spectrometric detector (MSD) has also been used in many applications as a universal detector. The MSD detection limit reached 10 ppb with on-line SFE (supercritical fluid extraction)-SFC. Selective detection of chlorinated pesticides and herbicides has been achieved by an electron-capture detector (ECD). The limit of detection for triazole fungicide metabolite was reported to be 35 ppb. Other detectors used for detection of pesticides and herbicides include thermoionic, infrared, photometric, and atomic emission detectors. 

Messer DC, Taylor LT. Development of analytical SFE [supercritical fluid extraction] of a polar drug from an animal food matrix. J High Resolut Chromatogr 1992 15 238-241. 

Li JJ. Quantitative analysis of cosmetic waxes by using supercritical-fluid extraction(SFE)/supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) and multivariate data analysis. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 1999 45 385-395. 

First of all, it is important to identify what the acronyms represent. The following have been used aMAE, atmospheric microwave-assisted extraction SFE, supercritical fluid extraction pMAE, pressurized microwave-assisted extraction PFE, pressurized fluid extraction ASE, accelerated solvent extraction MSPD, matrix solid-phase dispersion. 

FSOT Fused silica open tubular SFE Supercritical fluid extraction... 

QF = quartz fiber, GF = glass fiber, PUF = polyurethane foam, FA = filter-adsorbent, FFA = filter-filter-adsorbent, DFA = denuder-filter-adsorbent, DDF = denuder-denuder-filter, DCM = dichloromethane, ACN = acetonitrile, HEX = n-hexane, GC-MS = gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-ECD = gas chromatography-electron-capture detector, HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography, FLD = fluorescence detector, SFE = supercritical fluid extraction, EA = electrostatic precipitator. 

Other PHWE, pressurized hot water extraction SFE, supercritical fluid extraction TBA, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. 

Other. DCM, dichloromethane SFE, supercritical fluid extraction LVI, large volume injection. 

Previous reports 30, 31) have appeared on the use of siqiercritical fluid extraction (SFE) coupled with siqrercritical fluid fractionation (SFF) for the enrichment of these FPE. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol (EtOH), as a cosolvent, were utilized to fiactionate and eruich the FPE from 1.2S to 14.5 wt% in com bran oil employing a sorbent bed. However, this prior research was performed on an analytical scale. In the present study, SFF technology of com bran oil has been sc ed up using SFE/supercritical fluid chromatogr hy (SFE/SFC). The oil is remov from the com bran 1 utilizing supercritic carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), and then the extract is fiactionated by on-line SFC to obtain a fraction enriched in FPE. 

Three distinct processes were experimentally studied a coupled process for deacidi%ing and enriching the plqrtosterol content of rice bran oil (RBO) by continuous countercurrent colnitmar fiactionation, a scale up of a coupled supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)/ supercritical fluid chromatogr hy (SFC) process for the enrichment of phytosterol in com bran oil, and a unit process involving the snbcritical water extraction of berry substrates. The e q)erimental aspects of the first two processes are described in the literature (36, 37), and will not be repeated here. Research is currently underw to couple the described process below with other unit processes involving both subcritical water and siq)ercritical carbon dioxide. 

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