Sexually transmitted disease prevention

The male barrier contraceptive device is known as the condom, or mbber, and is widely available in most countries. The condom is a mbber or latex sheath, sometimes packaged with a lubricant and spermicide, which serves as a cover for the penis and a receptacle for semen. The method is very effective if the condom is of good quaUty, remains on, and is replaced for each subsequent intercourse. It was reported that 6 biUion condoms were used in 1990 (101). Usage appears to be increasing as adjunctive use with other methods of contraception for prevention of HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases. By rough estimate, condoms may have been used in more than 13 biUion acts of sexual intercourse that risked unwanted pregnancy, HIV, and/or other sexually transmitted diseases (101). 

All devices used for contraception or the prevention of the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases are in Class lib, unless they are implantable or long-term Invasive devices, in which case they are in Class III. 

Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR) 2002 51(RR-6) l-78. 

International travelers who plan to spend >6 months in countries with high rates of HBV infection and who will have close contact with the local population Recipients of clotting-factor concentrates Sexually transmitted disease clinic patients HIV patienVHIV - testi ng patients Drug-abuse treatment and prevention clinic patients Correctional facilities inmates Chronic dialysis/ESRD patients... 

Several silver salts—in particular, AgNO —are deadly when ingested, even in small amounts. When ingested, the silver compounds are slowly absorbed by the body, and the skin turns bluish or black, a condition referred to as argyria. In the past, the eyes of newborn babies were swabbed with dilute silver nitrate to prevent blindness from STDs (sexually transmitted diseases, in particular gonorrhea). This procedure is no longer performed. 

When valacyclovir is used as suppressive therapy in immunocompetent individuals with genital herpes, the risk of heterosexual transmission to susceptible partners is reduced. Instruct patients to use safer sex practices with suppressive therapy (see current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines). 

Giardiasis For the treatment of giardiasis caused by Giardia duodenalis (also termed Giardia lamblia) in adults and pediatric patients older than 3 years of age. Trichomoniasis For the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis in female and male patients. Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with potentially serious sequelae, partners of infected patients should be treated simultaneously in order to prevent reinfection. 

Van Vranken M. Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases an update. Am Fam Physician 2007 76(12) 1827-32. 

Neurath AR, Strick N, Li Y-Y, et al. Design of a microbicide for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases using inactive pharmaceutical excipients. Biologicals 1999 27 11. 

Stanbeny, L,R. and D. Bemsiein Sexually Transmitted Diseases Vaccines, Prevention and Control, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 2000. 

The spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) includes the classic venereal diseases—gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale—as well as a variety of other pathogens known to he spread hy sexual contact (Table 46-1). Common clinical syndromes associated with STDs are listed in Table 46-2. The most current information on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of STDs provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) can be found at http //www.cdc.gov. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, (http //www.cdc. gov/std/treatment/2006/clinicaLhtm)... 

Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. 

Pulmonary delivery could also be used for delivery of vaccines. In the United States alone, children endure as many as 14 vaccine injections by age 16 and that number is climbing as new research makes more vaccines available. The cost of a single injection can quadruple if the costs of equipment and personnel are included. Furthermore, fear of needles reduces compliance, thus the potential for an increased market share in this area. Inhaled vaccines may be used to prevent influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles, cytomegalovirus, asthma, and mucosal-entry diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. 

Major morbidity in the United States is currently centered on diseases of life style. These morbidities contrast sharply with disease patterns prevalent during the early part of the 20th century. Outside of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases represent a small proportion of prevalent morbidity. Rather, lifestyle diseases, associated with smoking, poor nutrition, a sedentary life style, alcohol and other chemical consumption, homicides, suicides, and accidents, represent the majority of morbidity in the United States. Significant preventive strategies can markedly reduce the incidence, prevalence, and mortality associated with these health care problems. 

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