Bile acids serum

Bai CL, Stacey NH. 1993. Mechanism of trichloroethylene-induced elevation of individual serum bile acids. II. In vitro and in vivo interference by trichloroethylene with bile acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 121 296-302. 

Wang G, Stacey NH. 1990. Elevation of individual serum bile acids on exposure to trichloroethylene or a-naphthylisothiocyanate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 105 209-215. 

Studies in experimental animals suggest that biliary excretion of chemicals from the liver may be impaired by mirex or chlordecone (Berman et al. 1986 Curtis and Hoyt 1984 Curtis and Mehendale 1979 Curtis et al. 1979b, 1981 Davison et al. 1976 Mehendale 1976, 1977b, 1977c, 1981b Teo and Vore 1991). Measurement of serum bile acid levels may provide information regarding biliary excretory function. 

Batta AK, Salen G, Rapole KR, Batta M, Earnest D, et al. 1998. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of serum bile acids as the fi-butyl ester—trimethylsilyi ether derivatives. J Chromatogr B 706 337. 

Bai C-L, Canfield PJ, Stacey NH. 1992. Individual serum bile acids as early indicators of carbon tetrachloride- and chloroform-induced liver injury. Toxicol 75(3) 221-234. 

Assay of bile acids was an essential tool for the early investigation of the enterohepatic circulation, and proved a focus of attention with the belief that serum bile-acid concentrations would provide a sensitive diagnostic test for liver disease. There are three fundamental assay types, based on enzymatic oxidation of a hydroxyl with linked NAD reduction, chromatographic separations and quantitation, encompassing both gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassay assays. 

It is well recognised that the faecal bile acid content of random stool samples is highly variable with marked daily variation.Therefore, studies testing the association between luminal bile acid exposure and the presence of colorectal neoplasia have usually measured serum bile acid levels, which demonstrate less variability and are believed to reflect the total bile acid pool more accurately. Serum DCA levels have been shown to be higher in individuals with a colorectal adenoma compared with individuals without a neoplasm. Only one study has assessed future risk of CRC in a prospective study of serum bile-acid levels. The study was hampered by the small sample size (46 CRC cases). There were no significant differences in the absolute concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids or DCA/CA ratio between cases and controls although there was a trend towards increased CRC risk for those with a DCA/ CA ratio in the top third of values (relative risk 3.9 [95% confidence interval 0.9-17.0 = 0.1]). It will be important to test the possible utility of the DCA/ CA ratio as a CRC risk biomarker in larger, adequately powered studies. A recent study has demonstrated increased levels of allo-DCA and allo-LCA metabolites in the stool of CRC patients compared with healthy controls. ... 

Additionally, two studies have measured colorectal epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in human non-neoplastic mucosa in combination with serum bile acid quantification. Ochsenkuhn et al have reported a positive correlation between serum DCA levels and proliferation measured by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis. However, a more recent study of colorectal adenoma patients failed to detect a correlation between serum DCA and immuno-histochemical Ki-67 antigen labelling. Instead, this latter study revealed a positive correlation between serum DCA and the degree of TUNEL-positive epithelial cell apoptosis. ... 

V. Costarelli, T. J. Key, P. N. Appleby, D. S. Allen, I. S. Fentiman and T. A. B. Sanders, A prospective study of serum bile-acid concentrations and colorectal cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey, Br. J. Cancer, 2002, 86, 1741. 

M. Fracchia, G. Galatola, I. Sarotto, V. Guraldo, M. Perona, A. Pera and M. Risio, Serum bile acids, programmed cell death and cell proliferation in the mucosa of patients with colorectal adenomas. Dig. Liver Dis., 2005, 37, 509. 

Graph 8.12 Proportion of DCA, expressed as a percentage of total serum bile acids, in stone-free control subjects and patients with cholesterol GBS. Data taken from references 40 and 41. 

Data regarding the effects of exposure to hexachlorobutadiene on humans are sparse. Serum bile acids were increased in workers exposed to vapor concentrations of 0.005-0.02 ppm. These effects... 

Hepatic Effects. Data in humans are limited to one study which reported significant dose-related increases in the concentration of serum bile acids in workers after inhalation exposure to hexachlorobutadiene (0.005-0.02 ppm) (Driscoll et al. 1992). The practical importance of this finding is reduced because workers were also potentially exposed to other solvents (carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene) and background information on other confounding variables was minimal. No studies were located regarding other hepatic effects in humans. 

Data are sparse regarding biomarkers of the effects of hexachlorobutadiene in humans. Workers chronically exposed to the compound (along with carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene) had increased serum bile acids (Driscoll et al. 1992). Because the workers were also exposed to other chemicals, effects reported cannot be attributed to hexachlorobutadiene alone. 

Table 5.4.8 Values of serum bile acids from healthy subjects (adapted from [30])...

Table 5.4.15 Serum bile acid levels of healthy subjects and gallstone patients (adapted from [54]). Ffemale, M male...

Age group (n = 20) Gender Serum bile acid, pmol/1 (mean SD) t test... 

Poupon RE, Chretien Y, Poupon R, Paumgartner G (1993) Serum bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Hepatology 17 599-604... 

Cirrhosis Increased serum bile acid levels Two hypotheses 1) The result of haemodynamic alterations, shunts and reduced liver mass 2) Hepatic dysfunction at the cellular level May lead to pruritus in conditions of bile stasis... 

Ams PA, Adedoyin A, DiBisceglie AM, et al. Mephenytoin disposition and serum bile acids as indices of hepatic function in chronic viral hepatitis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 62 527—37. 

Cravetto, C., Moiino, G., Biondi, A.M., Cavanna, A., Avagnina, P, Fre-diani, S. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serum bile acid in detection and functional assessment of liver diseases. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1985 22 596- 605... 

Mannes, G.A., Thieme, C., Stellard, F., Wang, T., Sauerbruch, T., Paum-gartner, G. Prognostic significance of serum bile acids in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1986 6 50—53... 

Monroe, P.S., Baker, A.L., Schneider, J.F., Krager, P.S., Klein, PJ>., Schoeller, D. The aminopyrine breath test and serum bile acids reflect histologic severity in chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 1982 2 317-322... 

The icteric phase lasts for some 2 to 6 weeks. Laboratory parameters become completely normalized after 4 to 6 months. Normalization of the serum bile acid is also deemed to be a reliable parameter of recovery. The regression phase is often characterized by pronounced diuresis. (56, 76, 113)... 

Total serum bile acid concentrations were raised in 72% of 61 patients treated with rifampicin and isoniazid in some patients, the concentrations were as much as 40 times above normal, but in only four was the serum bilirubin raised (58). 

Janssen H, Lange R, Erhard J, Testa G, Malago M, Janssen P, et al. Serum bile acids in hver transplantation—Early indicator for acute rejection and monitor for antirejection therapy. Transpl Int 2001 14 429-37. 

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