Sequestration of carbon dioxide

There are two main schemes proposed for sequestration of carbon dioxide. The first (referred to as a chemical absorption process), suitable for use at low pressures and temperatures, is usually adopted where the CO2 is to be removed from exhaust flue gases. The second (usually referred to as a physical absorption process), for use at higher pressures, is recommended for separation of the CO2 in syngas obtained from conversion of fuel. 

White C. Sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal with enhanced coalbedmethan re-covery-a review. 2005 Energy Fuels 19(3) 659-724. 

Stanton, R., Flores, R., Warwick, P. D., Gluskoter, H. and Strieker, G. D. (2001). Coal bed sequestration of carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, 14-17 May 2001. Washington, DC. 

The idea here is to capture carbon dioxide from power plants and then inject it into natural gas hydrate reservoirs assumed to contain primarily methane hydrate. Thus one achieves the simultaneous sequestration of carbon dioxide with the production of natural gas. Lee et al. (2003) presented laboratory data that showed the replacement of methane molecules by C02. Yoon et al. (2004) and Ota et al. (2005) confirmed these laboratory findings. Park et al. (2006a) used a CO2/N2 mixture containing 20 mol % carbon dioxide (flue gas) instead of pure C02 and noticed that the methane recoveiy increased from 64 to 85 %. A similar idea for sequestering captured C02 is to use it as cushion gas for natural gas storage in reservoirs (Oldenburg, 2003). 

Some of the technologies in the analysis are further differentiated by whether carbon dioxide resulting from hydrogen generation is separated and sequestered. In particular, the midsize and the central station production facilities at which production is based on natural gas, coal, or biomass are examined both with and without the sequestration of carbon dioxide. 

Following are the hydrogen production spreadsheets that are the basis for Chapter 5 in this report. As noted there, these charts are for different combinations of feedstock, status of technology (current versus possible future), and whether or not sequestration of carbon dioxide is required at facilities processing hydrocarbon feedstock. A modified version of Table 5-2, with additional pathways, is included here as Table E-l for convenience in following the charts. This table lists the code for each pathway as used for identification in the charts. 

For geo-sequestration of carbon dioxide in flue gas it may be necessary to first remove sulphur so as to protect the carbon dioxide solvent. The flow from the flue system has to be modified to include an additional plant prior to compression, carbon dioxide and geosequestration as illustrated by Figure 6.3. 

Mineral dissolution kinetics influence such phenomena as development of soil fertility, amelioration of the effects of acid rain, formation of karst, acid mine drainage, transport and sequestration of contaminants, sequestration of carbon dioxide at depth in the earth, ore deposition, and metamorphism. On a global basis, mineral weathering kinetics are also involved in the long-term sink for CO2 in the atmosphere ... 

Draper, E.L. Becker, R.A. Research and Development Needs for the Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide as Part of a Carbon Management Strategy The National Coal Council Washington, DC, 2000. 

Management of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will require sequestration of carbon dioxide. Research and development into methods to cost effectively capture and geologically sequester carbon dioxide is required in the next 10 to 20 years.5... 

In summary, it is clear that vigorous basic research programmes on catalysts and on membrane separation processes should be instigated if hydrogen from fossil sources is to reach its full potential and become cost-effective. Similarly, further investigation is necessary to define the optimum conditions for the direct conversion of wet biomass to hydrogen. Sequestration of carbon dioxide, which is another important topic for research, is discussed in the following chapter. 

Golomb D, Pennell S, Ryan D, Barry E, and Swett P (2007) Ocean sequestration of carbon dioxide Modeling the deep ocean release of a dense emulsion of liquid C02-in-water stabilized by pulverized limestone... 

Fossil combustibles. Emissions of carbon dioxide or sequestration of carbon dioxide (availability of secure and tight caverns) or carbon. 

Recently, significance of coal petrology has been demonstrated in CBM exploration and in potential sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal seams. Techniques developed in the study of coal are also used in the investigation of organic-rich rocks to evaluate source rocks in petroleum and natural gas exploration. 

Geological storage is an obvious method for sequestration of carbon dioxide. The geological features being considered for carbon dioxide storage fall into three categories (1) deep saline formations, (2) depleted oil and gas fields, and (3) unmineable coal seams. 

Helgeson HC (1979) Mass transfer among minerals and hydrothermal solntions. In Bames HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 568-631 Marini L (2007) Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide. Elsevier, Amsterdam Nordstrom DK, Munoz JL (1985) Geochemical thermodynamics. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Inc, Menlo Park... 

Marini L (2007) Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide. Elsevier, New York Miller W, Alexander R, Chapman N, Mckinley I, Smellie J (1994) Natural analogue studies in the geological disposal of radioactive wastes. Elsevier, Amsterdam Nishimura M (1991) Environmental chemistry. Syokabo, Tokyo (in Japanese)... 

Figure Al.lO Possible solutions for CCS (courtesy of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Dept, of Energy) Schematic showing terrestrial and geological sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plant.

The underground sequestration of carbon dioxide containment by chemical reactions in the deep geosphere... 

Figure 1. Schematic showing both terrestrial and geological sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions from a coal-fired plant. Rendering by L. J. Hardin and J. Payne [2].

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