Separative work Subject

Most of these errors are easy to spot. If you mistype The scientists was working on an important experiment, you (or, possibly, your grammar-check program) will catch it. But problems arise when a phrase or phrases separate the subject and verb or noun and pronoun. Here s an example ... 

Another important contributor to the development of toxicology was the Spanish physician Orfila (1787-1853). He was one of the first scientists to make systematic use of test animals and autopsy material. Orfila was the first to treat toxicology as a separate scientific subject and was also responsible for the development of numerous chemical assays for detecting the presence of poisons, thus providing an early foundation for forensic toxicology. In 1815 Orfila published the first major work dealing with the toxicity of natural agents. 

All information available at present is presented in the 15 chapters of the special part. From lipides, vitamins, sterols, via medicaments, auxiliary substances of the industry, amino and nucleic acids, to anion- and cation-separation — every subject is dealt with. The possible new applications of the method in medical diagnosis and pharmacology are described in a special chapter. The authors of the respective chapters, after having employed the method for years, report also on the results of their own work some of this information has not been published before and will save time-consuming preliminary tests and studies of literature, for beginners and specialists and will give valuable hints. 

In separate work we have tested the sensitivity of the calculation to deviations from randomness by varying the reactivity ratios of the monomers in our calculations. This work will be the subject of a later paper, but it is important to note that all but small deviations from randomness lead to unacceptable changes in the position of the peaks at 7A and sA and point to the random sequence as the acceptable model for the copolymer chain. 

The chief uses of chromatographic adsorption include (i) resolution of mixtures into their components (Li) purification of substances (including technical products from their contaminants) (iii) determination of the homogeneity of chemical substances (iv) comparison of substances suspected of being identical (v) concentration of materials from dilute solutions (e.g., from a natural source) (vi) quantita tive separation of one or more constituents from a complex mixture and (vii) identi-1 ig- II, 16, 3. gcajjQij and control of technical products. For further details, the student is referred to specialised works on the subject. ... 

Figure 8.3b shows that phase separation in polymer mixtures results in two solution phases which are both dilute with respect to solute. Even the relatively more concentrated phase is only 10-20% by volume in polymer, while the more dilute phase is nearly pure solvent. The important thing to remember from both the theoretical and experimental curves of Fig. 8.3 is that both of the phases which separate contain some polymer. If it is the polymer-rich or precipitated phase that is subjected to further work-up, the method is called fractional precipitation. If the polymer-poor phase is the focus of attention, the method... 

Work in the area of simultaneous heat and mass transfer has centered on the solution of equations such as 1—18 for cases where the stmcture and properties of a soHd phase must also be considered, as in drying (qv) or adsorption (qv), or where a chemical reaction takes place. Drying simulation (45—47) and drying of foods (48,49) have been particularly active subjects. In the adsorption area the separation of multicomponent fluid mixtures is influenced by comparative rates of diffusion and by interface temperatures (50,51). In the area of reactor studies there has been much interest in monolithic and honeycomb catalytic reactions (52,53) (see Exhaust control, industrial). Eor these kinds of appHcations psychrometric charts for systems other than air—water would be useful. The constmction of such has been considered (54). 

By virtue of its division into six sections, this text may be used in several ways. Part I, by itself, provides the material for a short course to introduce a diverse group of students to the subject—with the other five parts serving as a built-in reference book. Parts I, II, and II, which define the problem, can provide the basis for a semester s work, while Parts IV, V, and VI, which resolve the problem, provide the material for a second semester s work. Part IV may well be used separately as the basis for a course on the meteorology of air pollution, and the book as a whole may be used for an intensive one-semester course. 

Tobacco and its alkaloids have long ceased to have any therapeutic importance, but their extensive use as insecticides and the demand for nicotine for the manufacture of nicotinic acid have stimulated interest in processes of extraction and methods of estimation. On the latter subject there is a voluminous literature, of which critical resumes have been published by various authors.Recent work on this subject has been specially concerned with (1) the development of miero- and semi-miero-methods suitable for estimating nieotine in tobacco smoke and the distribution of nieotine on sprayed garden produce, in treated soils and in tobaeeo leaves,(2) the study of conditions necessary to ensure satisfactory results in using particular processes, " and (3) methods of separation and estimation of nicotine, nomicotine and anabasine in mixtures of these bases. ) In the United States and in Russia considerable interest is being shown in the cultivation of types of tobacco rich in nicotine, in finding new industrial uses for tobacco and its alkaloids, and in possible by-products from tobacco plants such as citric and malic acids, i " Surveys of information on tobacco alkaloids have been published by Jackson, i Marion and Spath and Kuffner. ... 

Short-circuit tests with lithium-ion batteries have been reported recently [35]. This work shows that the separator provides shutdown when the battery is subjected to an external short circuit with the PTC bypassed. The large increase in impedance of the separator is attributed to the temperature rise in the battery. 

---