Sensors nanotechnology-based

A wide variety of solid-state sensors based on hydrogen-specific palladium, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), CB, electrochemical, and surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology are used in the industry for several years. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and nanotechnology-based devices for the measurement of hydrogen are the recent developments. These developments are mainly driven by the demands of the fuel cell industry. Solid-state approaches are gaining rapid popularity within the industry due to their low cost, low maintenance, replacements, and flexibility of multiple installations with minimal labor. 

Chapters 1 to 5 deal with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors or ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Chapters 6 to 11 cover voltammetric sensors and biosensors and their various applications. The third section (Chapter 12) is dedicated to gas analysis. Chapters 13 to 17 deal with enzyme based sensors. Chapters 18 to 22 are dedicated to immuno-sensors and genosensors. Chapters 23 to 29 cover thick and thin film based sensors and the final section (Chapters 30 to 38) is focused on novel trends in electrochemical sensor technologies based on electronic tongues, micro and nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, etc. 

It is likely that future systems will use nanoenabled hardware components to accomplish the 2030 goals and reduce the physical and logistical burden of future detection platforms. Components under development include nanoelectronics or nanophotonics and nanotechnology-based energy devices that convert ambient energy - thermal, vibrational, or ambulatory - into electrical energy. Research in basic and applied nanoscience will be needed to take detection platforms from vehicle mounted to suitcase size to embedded autonomous sensors in vehicles or uniforms. 

Zhang, T., Mubeen, S., Bekyarova, E., Yoo, B. Y, Haddon, R. C., Myung, N. V. and Deshusses, M. A. (2007), Poly(m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) functionalized single-waUed carbon nanotubes based gas sensor , Nanotechnology, 18, 165504.1-165504.1. 

Nanotechnology-based sensors have the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in revolutionizing the speed and accuracy with which industries or regulatory agencies detect the presence of molecular contaminants or adulterants in complex food matrices with color changes that occur to metal nanoparticle solutions in the presence of analytes... 

Chang YW, Oh JS, Yoo SH, Choi HH, Yoo K-H (2007) Electrically refreshable carbon nanotube-based gas sensors. Nanotechnology 18 435504... 

Zhang T, Mubeen S, Myung NY, Deshusses MA (2008) Recent progress in caibon nanotube-based gas sensors. Nanotechnology 19 332001... 

Tremendous efforts have been made in the development of nanotechnology-based sensors for the deteetion of molecular contaminants in complex food matrices. In this respect, nanosensors ean be defined as an array of thousands of nanoparticles that fluoresce on contact with food pathogens. On the other hand, tests for the detection of spoilage reveal modification of the color among the metal nanoparticles solution and analytes (Ai et al. 2009). 

A. R Jha, MEMS and Nanotechnology-Based Sensors and Devices for Communications, Space, and Military Applications, Boca Raton, FL CRC Press (2008), p. 344. 

A. R. Jha, MEMS and nanotechnology-based sensors and devices for commercial, medical, and aerospace applications, in Performance Parameters of a 3-D Thin-Film Micro-Battery, CRC Press Boca Raton, FL (2008), p. 349. 

Dr. Jha has authored 10 high-technology books and has published more than 75 technical papers. He has worked for companies such as General Electric, Raytheon, and Northrop Grumman and has extensive and comprehensive research, development, and design experience in the fields of radars, high-power lasers, electronic warfare systems, microwaves, and MM-wave antennas for various applications, nanotechnology-based sensors and devices, photonic devices, and other electronic components for commercial, military, and space applications. Dr. Jha holds a patent for MM-wave antennas in satellite communications. 

The introduction of low-cost, mass-produced optical nano-sensors will be based on multidisciplinary research where all aspects - photonics, micro- en nanotechnology, (bio-)chemistry of interfaces and system aspects - are considered. Real breakthrough therefore will be only possible in close cooperations between strong groups active in the different fields. 

The goal of this chapter will be to provide an overview of the use of planar, optically resonant nanophotonic devices for biomolecular detection. Nanophotonics23 24 represents the fusion of nanotechnology with optics and thus it is proposed that sensors based on this technology can combine the advantages of each as discussed above. Although many of the issues are the same, we focus here on optical resonance rather than plasmonic resonance (such as is used in emerging local SPR and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based biosensors). 

The microsystems may also serve potential applications in material science and in the growing field of nanotechnology. Microhotplates can be used for material processing, and, at the same time, for the monitoring of material properties such as the electrical resistance [10]. Moreover, the microsystems can be applied to determine thermal properties of new materials such as the melting point, especially when only small quantities of material are available [145], so that monolithic microhotplate-based devices are not only powerful sensor systems for a broad range of applications, but also new research tools for sensor science and nanotechnology. 

SERS and SERRS, in particular, are well positioned for applications in the area of highly sensitive and specific biological and chemical detection. This is due primarily to emerging advances in nanotechnology and the development of miniature laser sources and light detection techniques. Two recent reports clearly point to the feasibility of developing sensors based on the surface-enhanced Raman effect. 

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