Sensitivity, medical tests

Uncertainty factor 3 severe headaches are known to occur in angina patients medicated with nitroglycerin and the threshold for vasodilatation does not vary greatly among individuals. The effect was also a threshold effect for central nervous systems depression (no change in cognitive abilities slight imbalance in one of several sensitive motor tests). Individual variation in susceptibility to central nervous system depressants such as anesthetics varies no more than 2-fold. 

In summary, economic analysis of medical technology or medical care evaluates a medical service by comparing its monetary cost with its monetary benefit (cost-benefit), by measuring its monetary cost in relation to its outcomes (cost-effectiveness), or simply by tabulating the costs involved (cost-identification). Direct costs are generated as services are provided. In addition, productivity costs should be considered, especially in determining the benefit of a service that decreases morbidity or mortality. Finally, the perspective of the study determines the costs and benefits that will be quantified in the analysis, and sensitivity analyses test the effects of changes in variable specifications for estimated measures on the results of the study. 

Tests for food allergy, like other medical tests, are neither 100% sensitive nor 100% specific. 

SBCs have been used for many sensitive applications including direct blood contact. These types of polymers have been subjected a broad array of medical tests, including USP, blood contact and many other screening tests. The results have all been very favorable, as shown in Table 22.3. 

Accounting for its purpose, every significance test has to be designed individually A medical test should always warn the patient in case of a severe disease on the other hand, establishing a result by means of statistics, a test should preferably reject false positive results. These antithetic demands are represented by the terms of sensitivity and specificity ... 

MaUiotra, R.K., Indrayan, A., 2010. A simple nomogram for sample size for estimating sensitivity and specificity of medical tests. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 58, 519—522. 

Direct skin contact of the veterinarian with animal medications has probably diminished since the 1970s in many countries. Antibiotics (and other medications) used in veterinary medicine and also animal feed are mainly the same as in human medicine, e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinol-ones, sulfas, trimethoprim, antifungals. In addition, other substances have been used in animals only, e.g., penethamate, tylosin, spiramycin, furazolidone. Many antimicrobials are contact sensitizers and may cause contact dermatitis at low concentrations. No routine series for patch testing can be recommended because of the risk of active sensitization. Patch testing should be done with the particular medications with which the veterinarian has been in contact directly or via fodder. Contact urticaria from several antibiotics and disinfectants has also been reported (Hannuksela 1997b Kanerva 1997). 

SENSITIVITY Refers to medical testing. The ability of a test to detect the presence of a specific condition. Calculated as the ratio of (True Pos-itives)/(True Positives + False Negatives). (See also SPECIFICITY)... 

As mentioned previously (and discussed in detail in Sec. IX), contact lens products have specific guidelines that focus on compatibility with the contact lens and biocompatibility with the cornea and conjunctiva [75], These solutions are viewed as new medical devices and require testing with the contact lenses with which they are to be used. Tests include a 21-day ocular study in rabbits and employ the appropriate types of contact lenses with which they are to be used and may include the other solutions that might be used with the lens. Additional tests to evaluate cytotoxicity potential, acute toxicity, sensitization potential (allergenicity), and risks specific to the preparation are also required [75-77], These tests are sufficient to meet requirements in the majority of countries, though testing requirements for Japan are currently much more extensive. 

Biological evaluation of medical devices—Part 10 Tests for irritation and sensitization. ISO 10993-10 1992. International Standards Organization, 1992. 

Butyl rubber - This material generally had the least endurance in fatigue tests, but it may be adequate for some cardiovascular applications. Advantages include less sensitivity to stress concentrators than Pellethane, a very low permeability to fluids, a moderate creep resistance and widespread availability at low cost. Disadvantages include a relatively low fatigue resistance compared to the elastomers specifically designed for these applications. The rubber tested was not designed for medical applications and had standard rubber additives and modifiers that were cytotoxic unless the material was extracted after manufacture. 

Clinical studies Analytical Phase 1 for determination of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity Analytical and clinical Phase II for determination of usual range of results encountered in healthy subjects or comparing results in various disease states Phase III to establish the actual medical usefulness of a test in a realistic clinical setting Phases I—III completed before 510(k) clearance or PMA approval... 

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