Strengthening seismic

Implementation of Experimentally Developed Methodology for Seismic Strengthening and Repair of Historic Monuments... 

The shaking table testing of a large scale model of a historic monument presented herein is a unique example in world practice. The knowledge gained, therefore, is valuable and necessary for the seismic strengthening of important cultural-historic structures, particularly in cases where the effect of interventions upon the authenticity of the monument is considered a priority. 

As in design of new structures, in repair and strengthening of damaged historic monuments or preventive seismic strengthening of stmctures of vital importance, it is necessary to define the design seismic criteria as follows ... 

Consolidation, Reconstruction and Seismic Strengthening of St. Clement s Church,... 

Reconstruction, Seismic Strengthening and Repair of St. Athanasius Church in Leshok... 

Reconstruction and Seismic Strengthening of the Blown Up Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity in Mostar... 

The proposed and experimentally verified methodology was successfully implemented in the process of reconstruction and seismic strengthening of real historic monuments. The design process described in this paper is a useful tool when facing the complex problem of protection and conservation of constructions that form part of our cultural heritage. 

Gavrilovic P, Ginell W, Shendova V et al (1991-1995) Seismic strengthening, conservation and restoration of churches dating from Byzantine Period in Macedonia. Joint research project, IZIIS - Skopje, RZZSK - Skopje, GCI -LA. Reports IZllS 500-76-91, vol 1-12... 

Gavrilovic P, Shendova V, Ginell W (1999) Seismic strengthening and repair of Byzantine churches. J Earthq Eng 3(2) 199-235... 

Shendova V, Bozinovski Z, Stojanoski B, GJorgievska E (201 la) Analysis of seismic stability with technical solution for repair and seismic strengthening of the Orthodox ehurch in Mostar. Report IZIIS 2011-22... 

In Italy, the decree nr. 3274 May 2005, concerning the technical regulations for the design, evaluation, and seismic adjustment of buildings, introduces the use of FRP for the seismic strengthening of r.c. members and specifically refers to the instmctions of CNR-DT 200/2004 for the safety assessments. 

Harajli, M.H., and Dagher, F. (2008). Seismic strengthening of bond-critical regions in rectangular columns using fiber reinforced polymer wraps . ACI Structural Journal, 105(1) 68-76. 

Ye, L.P., Zhang, K., Zhao, S.H., and Feng, P. (2003). Experimental study on seismic strengthening of RC columns with wrapped CFRP sheets . Construction and Building Materials, 17 499-506. 

Seismic Strengthening Strategies for Existing (Code-Deficient) Ordinary Structures... 

For example, the electricity distribution seismic strengthening program, commenced in 1996 and progressed systematically each year, costs 6 million and is estimated to have saved 60- 65 million in direct asset replacement costs and repairs. Total repair costs from the 2011 earthquake amounted to only 150,000. Seventeen bridges in Canterbury, including many in or near Christchurch, were identified as at risk and had been retrofitted at a cost of 2 million. These measures prevented critical damage, as only one bridge was closed due to approach settlement and... 

Recently, high-deformability materials (PEN, PET, vinylon, polypropylene, etc.) were explored as transverse reinforcement in seismic strengthening of columns. They were used as reinforcing fibers of FRPs to upgrade the axial strain ductility of concrete columns xmder axial or seismic loading (Anggawidjaja et al. 2006 Dai et al. 2011). 

Several professions may be exercised in the society based on sound experience, without necessarily a deep knowledge of the related phenomena this may also be the case with empirical design and construction of simple buildings. However, it is unlikely that a safe assessment or a safe and economical seismic strengthening is feasible without a deep theoretical knowledge of several modem branches of stmctural engineering and substantial subsequent experience. This, one may say, is a matter of professional ethics - but it constitutes a principle of practical importance. 

Notwithstanding several difficulties, numerous applied research activities have been conducted in the area of new and sophisticated methods for the assessment of masonry complex structures, which need retrofitting interventions. Most of the works conducted at L Aquila in this area are characterized by a series of correlated activities ranging from historic search, survey, and analysis of the structure with regard to proposals for repair and seismic strengthening. In particular, several problems are generally encountered in the various levels of survey and... 

This entry presents basic principles, criteria, and procedures in regard to the conceptual design of seismic strengthening of existing ordinary structures and its treatment in current codes. In this context, certain code provisions constitute a significant part of the present entry. 

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