Seeds, detection

Howard, W. E. and Cole, R. E. (1967). Olfaction in seed detection by deer mice. Animal... 

Sarig, Y., Gayer, A, Briteman, B., Israeli, E., and Bendel, P. 1992. Nondestructive seed detection in citrus fruits. 7th International Citrus Congress, Acireale, Italy, International Society of Citriculture 3, 1036-1039. 

With the availability of hardware, questions in quality control of foods are addressed also with LF-NMR imaging. One example is non-destructive fruit inspection, where a volumetric, but spatially resolving technique is needed. Extensive research has been done in seeds detection , with the main focus on the online capability and the methodical development to fulfil the constraints. In , the focus is the examination of motional effects in the online application Mandarins are conveyed through a 4.7 T NMR system with 54 mm/s, applying fast imaging sequences (FLASH) to minimize motional artefacts. 

The iaterpretation of forensic toxicology (18) results is often challenging. Courts frequently ask if an amount of dmg detected ia a specimen could cause a specific type of behavior, ie, would someone be under the influence of a dmg at a specific concentration, would a particular dmg concentration cause diminished capacity, or was the dmg the cause of death In a random employee dmg testing case, a worker screened positive for opiates by EMIT and gc/ms analysis of the urine specimen showed low levels of morphine. Although one possibiUty was that the iadividual was a heroia user, a review of foods eaten ia the prior 24 hours suggested a more innocent cause a poppy-seed bagel. 

Other appHcations of firefly hioluminescence include measurement of the activity of bacteria in secondary sewage treatment activated sludge (296,297), detection of bacteria in clean rooms and operating rooms, measurement of bacteria in bottled foods, beverages (298), and pharmaceuticals (299), determination of the antimicrobial activity of potential dmgs (300), determination of the viabiHty of seeds (301), and measuring marine biomass concentrations as a function of ocean depth or geographical location (302). 

The eddy current tests performed earlier detected no pits because pit formation depended on the contamination of the system by seed hairs that occurred subsequently to the eddy current testing. 

The indazole alkaloid Nigellidine (269) (Scheme 88) which was described as a zwitterion, was detected in the seeds of Nigella saliva L. (Ranunculaceae) (95TL1993), which is an erect annual plant found in South Asia and is widely cultivated. The seeds are commonly believed to have carminative, stimulatory and diaphoretic properties (75PHA2759). An X-ray single crystal analysis was performed on the methyl chloride. It is... 

Thev have detected ihr following bodies in the oil /-Imalol, f-ter-pliieol, uecol, aud gei aniol. They consider lhal this de tio-rotatory seed oil Is present iu the dexlro-rotiitory linnloe oils of commerce above re-... 

Various assay methods have been used to detect the presence of inhibitory substances. These include some of the classical tests used by investigators of growth-promoting substances—i.e., the various Avena coleoptile assays which utilize intact, decapitated, or isolated cylinders and the split pea stem test. Effects on seed germination and seedling shoot or root growth and development have also been measured in addition to other visible expressions of inhibition. Details of many of these tests have been compiled by Mitchell et al. (99). Tests have been carried out in Petri dishes, with various solution culture techniques, and by sand and soil culture. Effects so measured may or may not be similar to those obtained under field situations— i.e., the establishment of inhibition under controlled conditions pro-... 

Parasorbic acid (Figure 2) was isolated from fruits of Sorbus aucuparia. Germination of mustard seed Sinapis alba) was affected adversely by parasorbic acid at 3.5 X 10-3 M and growth of excised tomato roots was inhibited at approximately 8.5 X 10 4 M (25). The acid also antagonized indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the Avena assay. Cornman 29,30) reported that parasorbic acid slowed down mitosis. Metaphase stages were observed to accumulate, but abnormalities were not detected. 

Methyl parathion was monitored in crops from 37 states in 1972 as part of the National Soils Monitoring Program (Carey et al. 1979). The pesticide was detected in 40% of cotton stalk, 6.3% of cotton seed,... 

The compatibility has been detected mostly by Lee and coworkers. They confirmed the ability of rat aortic SMC to attach and proliferate on the PGCL surface, and then the seeded scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice and evaluated histologically and immunohistochemi-cally. SMCs were proliferated and differentiated immunohistochemically. 

Numerous methods have also been reported for foods, including milk (Bennett et al. 1997), chili fruits (Pokharkar and Dethe 1981), fruits and vegetables (Mitchell 1976), and the multiresidue methods for fatty and non-fatty foods (fruits, vegetables, seeds, dairy, eggs, meats) published by FDA (FDA 1994). Limits of detection are generally in the sub-ppm to ppb range. 

Tissue Culture Assay. Kogure et al. (48) report a novel tissue culture assay for detecting several types of sodium channel blockers. The mouse neuroblastoma cell line ATCC CCL 131 is grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 13.5% fetal bovine serum and 100 pg/ml gentamycin, in an atmosphere of 5% C0 95% air at 37 C. Ninety-six well plates are seeded with 1 x 10 cells in 200 pi of medium containing 1 mM ouabain and 0.075 mM veratridine. Veratridine and ouabain cause neuroblastoma cells to round-up and die. In the presence of sodium channel blockers (e.g., TTXs or STXs), the lethal action of veratridine is obviated and cells retain normal morphology and viability. An important feature of this assay is that a positive test for sodium channel blockers results in normal cell viability. Since bacterial extracts can contain cytotoxic components, this assay offers an advantage over tests that use cell death as an endpoint. The minimum detectable level of TTX is approximately 3 nM, or approximately 1/1000 mouse unit. 

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