Sediments PBDEs

Our PBDE results were consistent with reported data for river sediments. PBDEs were determined in Swedish river sediments at 8-50 ng/g dw [29]. Similar values were found in Japanese river sediments, with concentration levels between 21 and 59 ng/g dw [30]. Higher levels up to 1,400 ng/g dw were found in a downstream area of a manufacturing plant in United Kingdom [31] and at 120 ng/g dw downstream of an area with textile industries [29]. As regards data for HBCD, Sellstrom et al. [29] reported concentration levels between nd and 1,600 ng/g dw in river sediments from a Swedish river with numerous textile industries. 

For simplicity in the following discussion, EPBDE refers to the sum of the tri- through hepta-BDEs measured in this study. The surficial sediment PBDE concentrations in the lakes as measured by Zhu and Hites [22] and by Song et al. [46-48] are given in Table 8. The ZPBDE and BDE-209 surficial concentrations in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie are similar to one another however, these concentrations in Lake Superior are lower than in these three lakes, and these concentrations in Lake Ontario are higher. 

LAS and major metabolites (SPC) PBDEs, PCDDs, PCDFs sewage sludge Coastal sediments Soxhlet (toluene) and clean-up with silica gel (QqQ) GC-EI-MS [Pg.34]

There is some discussion of how bioavailable and bioaccumulative BDE-209 is. Moreover, there is still a concern that BDE-209 may debrominate in the environment to form less-brominated BDE congeners which are more bioavailable than BDE-209 itself. A preliminary study on uptake and debromination of BDE-209 in caged rainbow trout following dietary exposure [9] showed a slow but measurable uptake of BDE-209 and the presence of lower brominated PBDEs. BDE-209 has been found generally linked to sediments, but some recent studies also reported low levels of this compound in aquatic biota samples from some locations in Europe [10-12] and from Japan [13]. 

A rapid and simple method for PBDE and HBCD determinations in sediment and fish samples was used. The analytical method was based in selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) [21] without further cleanup step and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), working with negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) [22, 23],... 

PBDEs were detected in all the sediment samples at concentrations ranging from 2 to 131 ng/g dw (Table 3). HBCD was detected only in samples collected downstream of Monzon, with levels ranging between 48 and 2,658 ng/g dw. In these samples, HBCD contamination was greater than that observed for PBDEs. Site C3 was found to be the most contaminated zone followed by site C5 > site Cl = site C2. As expected, PBDE and HBCD levels were greater near the site of industrial impact [28]. 

PBDEs were detected in all the fish muscle samples at concentrations ranging from 28 to 2,092 ng/g lw (Table 6). Similar to our findings in sediment samples, samples... 

The first contaminated area, along the Cinca River and downstream of Monzon, reveals the covariant nature of PBDE and HBCD concentrations in the fish examined here. The amount of each contaminant is highly correlated within each fish. A likely explanation of this correlation is that the contaminants are being acquired from the same source (Cinca River). Moreover, PBDEs and HBCD are bioavailable as indicated by large fish to sediment ratios. Some correlations were found between the concentration levels of BFRs and the length and weight of specimen fishes,... 

Several AT studies [56, 57, 60, 61] have analysed PBDE and HBCD concentrations in fish (barbel, bleak and others) upstream and downstream of industrialised areas in the Ebro. These studies found high values of PBDE and HBCD in fish and sediment downstream of industrialised towns (e.g. Monzon, a heavily industrialised town draining into the river Cinca, and the Barbastro industrial site on the... 

Fig. 16.19 GC-ECD chromatograms showing appearance of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, after sunlight irradiation of BDE-209 (retention time = 88.7 min) adsorbed on montmorillonite, at different times. Reprinted with permission from Ahn MY, Filley TR, Jafvert CT, Nies L, Hua I, Bezares-Cruz J (2006) Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether adsorbed onto clay minerals, metal oxides, and sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 215-220. Copyright 2006. American Chemical Society...

To be added in cases of indications for relevance and bioavailability In vivo bioassays with relevant exposure conditions, routes and endpoints Prolonged ELS and metamorphosis In vivo bioassays with sediment extracts In vitro bioassays specific mechanisms Internal effect levels Specific chemicals (e.g. PFACs, HBCDs, PBDEs) ELS not longer than free feeding Chemicals that only are toxic in high concentration (narcotics, nanoparticles) Chemical analysis of lipophillic POPs in water... 

Concentrations (in ng/g Ignition Loss) of Several PBDEs in Sediment and Suspended Particulate Samples... 

PBDEs were not identified in soil and sediment samples collected from 1,613 NPL hazardous waste sites (HazDat 2002). 

These PBDEs do not travel long distances in the environment. Lower BDE homologs, which exist partially in the vapor phase, have the potential for long-range transport in ftie atmospho e. In water, PBDEs are expected to adsorb strongly to suspended solids and sediment, and bioconcentrate in aquatic... 

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