Section 3 Structural Engineering

Premature failure can also occur as a result of lack of attention to design. Facilities should, therefore, be provided for ventilatory drainage of water (rain, condensation, etc.), and all structures should be designed so as to permit ready access for repainting. Due consideration by architects and structural engineers at the design stage can indeed help to obviate certain of the causes of paint failure mentioned in this section (see also Sections 9.3 and 11.5). 

Pirok, J. N., and Wozniak, R. S., Structural Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968, Section 23. 

Gaylord, E. H., and Gaylord, C. N. (Eds.), Steel Tanks, from Structural Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1968, section 23. 

A. I. Inyutkin and L. I. Kleshchinskii, in Papers Presented 23rd Conf. at Leningrad. Structural Engineering Institute, Physics Section [in Russian], Leningrad (1965), p. 27. 

The reported application of morphological analysis took place about 40 years ago. Obviously, at that time, writing a computer program for the generation of random combinations of symbolic attribute values was not a trivial matter for structural engineers. For this reason, a manual generation of these combinations was conducted using the ball method described earlier in Section 3.1. 

As discussed in the last section, the engineer has to make decisions about all aspects of his design solution. He has to ensure that the structure will be constructed successfully, and that it will be successfully used for its desired life span. The small, but unfortunately from the designer s viewpoint, finite chance that an accident will happen has to be considered. Some of these undesirable events are listed in Table 1.2. The risk or probability that any of these events will happen has to be kept acceptably low. 

What is, therefore, the status of other concepts used in structural analysis, such as work and energy Work is force times distance, and energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Both are, therefore, dependent upon the concept of force and have a consequent status. We will return to a discussion of the hierarchy of structural engineering hypotheses in Section 2.10 and to the probability that Newton s Laws are true in Section 5.8. 

Abstract This chapter first introduces the construction forms and variants of ETFE-foil structures and offers an overview of the development of ETFE-foil constructions within the field of architecture. Subsequently, the morphological structure of ETFE and the manufacturing process as well as the material behaviour and load-bearing characteristics of ETFE-foils are outlined. The final section discusses future development potentiahties and future applicability of ETFE-foil construction methods in structural engineering. 

France, J. 1997. Bolted connections between open section beams and box columns, Ph.D. thesis. UK Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield. 

Silva, L, Neves, L, Gomes, F. Rotational stiffness of rectangular hollow sections composite joints. Journal of Structural Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineering. 129 487-494. 

The main aim of this paper is giving highway and structural engineers a possibility to assess the bearing capacity and reliability index of eccentrically loaded columns of annular cross-sections of road bridges by unsophisticated but fairly exact methods and to use the probability-based approaches in design practice. 

There is clearly an overlap between civil and structural engineering, certainly so in terms of the definition of a structure quoted above (Section 18.1, p. 203), which embraces all load-bearing constructions. How these two disciplines are integrated or co-ordinated depends on the skills and inclinations of the project team. For the purposes of this book (and in many project teams) there is no real separation, and parts of what is quoted under one heading are applicable under the other. As a generalization, the structural engineer deals with steel structures which... 

A condition evaluation as described here is not a structural survey. A structural engineer must be consulted if there are concerns about the capacity of the structure either because of corrosion damage or for any other reasons. Any excessive deflection of structural elements, misalignment, impact damage, excessive cracking, loss of concrete or loss of steel section will require a structural evaluation before repairing corrosion damage. 

Due to their structural and material properties, wall flow type cordierite honeycomb filters DPF have good features such as high trapping efficiency, high soot accumulation capability relative to small volume, and high thermal shock resistance [2]. Hence, cordierite honeycomb DPFs have been tested in city buses and utility vehicles in Furope and the United States to reduce toxic particulate matter from diesel engine emissions [9-10]. In this section, structure, material properties in relation to soot accumulation, and some regeneration test results of DPF are described. 

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