Section 7.1 Liquids

centrifugal, heavy duty, non log, 1800 rpm, cast iron with base plate, coupling and mechanical seal excluding motor. FOB cost = 9000 at drive power = 19 kW with n = 0.11 for the range 0.8-19 and n = 1.10 for the range 19-150. L+M = 2.3. L/M = 0.15. 

axial flow steel, with impeller, mechanical seal, base plate, coupling, and TEFC motor. Three correlations FOB cost = 150000 at flow rate = 0.67 m /s with n = 0.03 for the range 0.06-0.67 and n = 0.65 for the range 0.67-17 or FOB cost = 76000 at the product of (capacity, L/s) and (head, m) = 1000 with n = 0.79 for the range 100-100000 or FOB cost = 76000 at drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.79 for the range 1-1000. L+M = 2.0. L/M = 0.2. Factors axial flow, X 1.00 mixed flow, X 1.6. 

reciprocating piston or plunger type, cast iron, 1.1 MPa suction pressure, 150-300 rpm with the exit pressure 7 MPa with base plate, gears and TEFC motor. FOB cost 25 000 at drive power = 5 kW with n = 0.16 for the range 0.5-5 and n = 0.59 for the range 5-200. L+M = 2.4. L/M = 0.3. Alloy factors cast iron X 1.00 cast steel X 1.8 s/s X 2.4 nickel alloy X 5.0. 

diaphragm cast iron with drive, base plate, gears and TEFC motor. FOB cost 7000 at a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.43 for the range 6-300 or at the 

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Stripping section liquid and vapor flows, because the feed is at the boiling point. 

Wave Gas flows in top of pipe section, liquid in waves in lower section... 

Satisfactory operation must be between the upper and lower limits for both liquid and vapor flow rates. At liquid rates below 0.5 GPM per square foot of packing cross-section, liquid distribution is not uniform enough to ensure thorough wetting. At liquid rates between 25 GPM and 70 GPM per square foot of packing, the column is considered liquid-loaded and becomes very sensitive to additional liquid or vapor flow. 

M.A. Hickner, N.P. Siegel, K.S. Chen, D.S. Hussey, D.L. Jacobson, M. Arif, In situ high-resolution neutron radiography of cross-sectional liquid water profiles in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, B427 (2008)... 

Fig. 7a-c shows the time-averaged cross-sectional liquid saturation distribution in the column at superficial gas velocities of 0, 5 and 10 cm/s, respectively. For each gas velocity, the liquid saturation distribution is shown at three axial positions and three liquid velocities. Also provided are the... 

Fig. 7. Time averaged cross-sectional liquid saturation distribution in structured bed at (a) Ug Ocm/s (b) Ug 5 cm/s (c) Ug 10 cm/s. In the table, sy shows the liquid saturation and

L Stripping section liquid flow rate, lb-mole/h... 

Description The process includes a fixed-bed alkylation reactor, a fixed-bed transalkylation reactor and a distillation section. Liquid propylene and benzene are premixed and fed to the alkylation reactor (1) where propylene is completely reacted. Separately, recycled polyisopropylbenzene (PIPB) is premixed with benzene and fed to the transalkylation reactor (2) where PIPB reacts to form additional cumene. The transalkylation and alkylation effluents are fed to the distillation section. The distillation section consists of as many as four columns in series. The depropanizer (3) recovers propane overhead as LPG. The benzene column (4) recovers excess benzene for recycle to the reactors. The cumene column (5) recovers cumene product overhead. The PIPB column (6) recovers PIPB overhead for recycle to the transalkylation reactor. 

Several times in this section liquid bridges have been encountered, i.e. bodies of fluid with concave surfaces, connecting a solid object and a fluid. In connection with flg. 5.46 we shall briefly address these. In particular such bridges play important roles in the adhesion between two solid macrobodies, say between the particles in a powder. Depending on conditions, the Laplace underpressure in the bridge may result in a stronger adhesive force than that caused by Van der Waals forces. 

Fe = Feed light + heavy keys, mols/hr L = Rectification section liquid, mols/hr... 

L = Stripping section liquid, mols/hr XLNK,iim = Sum of light non-key limiting liquid composition s average value for the middle of the rectification section... 

Volume of a single plate section Liquid phase concentration Solid phase concentration... 

The top section of the column, or the rectifying section, is that part of the column above the feed and including the condenser. In the rectifying section, liquid flowing down selectively absorbs the heavier component, thereby raising the purity of the lighter component in the distillate and the recovery of the heavier component at the bottoms. 

The test sections are equipped with a radioactive counting station using sodium iodide detectors about two thirds up from the bottom of the tube. It is considered that after approximately this distance the velocity profile will have been established. The length after the counting station is included to avoid any interference by the exit of the liquid from the tube. After passing through the test section, liquid can be directed to either of the feed tanks or into the glass vessel (for flow measurement). Fig. 17.4 shows data obtained from the test apparatus [Williamson 1990],... 

Selective extraction of organic conqx>unds using green solvents is attractive from economic and environmental points of view. Carbon dioxide and water are two of the cheapest and most environmentally acceptable solvents on the earth. As explained in die introduction section, liquid and supercritical CO2 are able to dissolve non-polar or slighdy polar organic conqiounds. Water is an excellent solvent for ionic conqiounds because of its high dielectric constant (8 =78.5 at 25 °C) which decreases with increasing tenqierature due to the... 

Initial choice of cross section, liquid height, and oxygen concentration... 

Due to the continuous transfer of heat to the fluid along the length of the test section, liquid was vaporized as it flowed down the test section, and the slug flow phenomenon at the exit of the test section was not observed until a later period. By this time, the line had cooled down considerably so that the temperature oscillations (between vapor and liquid) were less pronounced and liquid residence times could not be determined as readily. However, from the vapor fractions calculated for the inlet to the test section, those at the outlet can be computed from energy balances. 

Related topics reactors, Section 6.6 mixing, Section 7.1 and Section liquid-liquid, Section 7.2, and size reduction for liquid-liquid. Section 8.3. 

In this section liquid crystal characterization methods commonly employed by synthetic/organic chemists will be presented. This list... 

More recent multiple internal reflection accessories, such as the FI-ATR (see the section Liquids ), have enabled mid-infrared measurements to be made routinely and practically on a wide range of pastelike and latex-like samples and soft waxes. With dispersions, though, there may be a tendency for the solid phase to migrate preferentially to the surface of the internal reflection element. In some circumstances a capillary layer of the material between a pair of transparent infrared windows may suffice. The solute phase of a latex sample is most frequently presented for study as a thin film deposit on a transparent infrared support after elimination (evaporation) of the solvent (see the section Films cast from solution ). 

Solutions Solids may be examined in solution in transmission cells (see the section Liquids ), provided a suitable solvent is available. This can be an effective way of eliminating crystalline lattice effects. ITowever, since no solvent is transparent throughout the entire infrared region, several solvents may be required for complete solute detail, or alternatively an analytically useful difference spectrum may be generated from a single solution, provided solvent-solute interactions are minimal. Solutions offer an important presentation method for quantitative applications, although many of the best solvents are toxic and flammable and must be used with appropriate care, safety, and caution. 

In order to separate one or more of the components in a mixture, the mixture is contacted with another phase. The two-phase pair can be gas-liquid, which was discussed in Chapter 10 vapor-liquid,.which was covered in Chapter 11 liquid-liquid or fluid-solid. In this section liquid-liquid extraction separation processes are considered first. Alternative terms are liquid extraction or solvent extraction. 

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